Rabies Virus and Antibiotic Resistance Quiz

Contact with infected animals, particularly through bites, is the primary mode of rabies transmission.

Rabies control measures in Sudan include dog vaccinations, pre-exposure vaccinations for high-risk groups, public education campaigns, and managing stray animal populations.

Factors considered when choosing an antibiotic include the patient's age, allergies, the causative agent, and cost. A patient's height is not a relevant factor.

Bacterial antibiotic resistance can arise from altered cell permeability, increased production of the inhibited compound, active efflux mechanisms, and genetic changes (e.g., through transduction or plasmid conjugation).

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is characterized by fever or hypothermia, increased or decreased respiratory rate, increased or decreased heart rate, and abnormal white blood cell count. PaCO₂>32 mmHg is not a defining characteristic.

Macrolides are a class of antibiotics effective against atypical organisms like Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, and Legionella. They are not broad spectrum against gram-negative bacteria, do not cause ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity, and do not include ciprofloxacin. They do not inhibit nucleic acid synthesis.

Trematodes (flukes) are leaf-like, require an intermediate host, pass eggs in feces, can be transmitted by fresh water fish, and come in various sizes.

Tetanus, caused by Clostridium tetani, is a serious infection that can lead to muscle spasms and death. It is not caused by hypocalcemia, but by the toxin produced by the bacteria.

Tetanus management includes supportive care (benzodiazepines, analgesia), penicillin therapy, and human tetanus immunoglobulin. Steroid therapy is not the first-line treatment.

Localized tetanus is more common in children, there is no loss of consciousness during the disease course, and respiratory muscle stiffness can lead to fractures and bleeding. Neonatal tetanus symptoms typically appear within the first day of life.

Zoonotic diseases are a major health concern because they can easily spread from animals to humans and cause outbreaks.

Salmonellosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease. Rabies, Ebola, and Yellow Fever are viral diseases.

Ebola is a viral zoonotic disease. Leishmaniasis, Chiardiia, and Trypanosomiasis are not viral.

Tinea sodium (a fungal infection) does not utilize suckers or hooks, is found in the small intestine, requires an intermediate host, and its eggs can infect humans.

The Simulium fly (blackfly) is the vector for Onchocerciasis.

Ivermectin is the most appropriate treatment for Onchocerciasis, which presents with painful lymphadenopathy, fever, and lymphatic obstruction.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease does not explain intermittent fever, malaise, right upper quadrant pain, and an enlarged liver. The other options are all possible causes.

Giardiasis is the most likely diagnosis for persistent diarrhea, bloating, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Campylobacter gastroenteritis, Schistosomiasis, Typhoid, and Amebiasis are other possibilities.

Osmotic diarrhea is characterized by a normal stool ion gap and is typically caused by a large intake of non-absorbable substrates. It is not due to cellular pumps, is not proportional to substrate intake alone, and is not always massive.

The ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision) is designed for easy analysis of disease data, including mortality and disability information. It does not exclusively rely on alphabetical ordering.

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) uses a structured system with 30 chapters, arranged in three volumes. The ICD is revised every ten years and can incorporate new diseases.

Quinolones are a class of antibiotics that are NOT broad spectrum against gram-positive bacteria, do NOT cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, do NOT include tobramycin, and do NOT inhibit cell wall synthesis. They are effective against some atypical organisms.

Clindamycin is effective against anaerobes and has a role in treating streptococcal infections, but it does not inhibit DNA synthesis. It inhibits protein synthesis and can cause diarrhea.

Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis, not protein synthesis.

Sepsis is characterized by reduced blood pressure, reduced vascular tone, fever, and increased heart rate. Supportive care and anti-infective therapy are essential, and blood cultures are required for diagnosis.

Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO) is a prolonged fever without an identifiable cause. The most frequent cause is a common illness presenting atypically. PUO is a common cause of persistent fever in children, and infection is a common underlying cause. Hidden abscesses can be another cause.

The acute phase of yellow fever typically includes fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, and nausea/vomiting. Jaundice is a feature of the later, more severe phase of the disease.

A single dose of the yellow fever vaccine provides protection for 10 years. There is no lifetime immunity, and booster doses are recommended every 10 years.

Viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever include Arenaviruses, Bunyaviruses, and Flaviviruses.

Onchocerciasis, also known as 'river blindness', is a tropical disease that affects both the eyes and skin. It is caused by the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus and is transmitted by the bite of blackflies.

Vector control, which aims to reduce the blackfly population, is an important measure for controlling Onchocerciasis.

Sexual transmission is the most common route of HIV transmission. It is crucial to target this mode of transmission to prevent further spread.

Madurella mycetomatis is the most common cause of mycetoma in Sudan.

Actinomadura pelletieri is characterized by small, red grains. Nocardia braziliensis, Streptomyces somaliensis, Madurella mycetomatis, and Curvularia lunata are associated with other characteristics.

Mycetoma commonly affects the lower limbs. It is less common in the upper limbs, head and neck, chest, and perineum.

Group B streptococci is a bacterial cause of neonatal meningitis. Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenza, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are other causes.

Kernig's sign, an indication of meningeal irritation, is manifested by resistance to extension of the knee when the hip is flexed. Other signs of meningeal irritation include poor feeding, bulging fontanelles, and alterations in mental status.