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Questions and Answers
Rabies virus commonly transmits through dog bites more than through bat bites in the United States.
Rabies virus commonly transmits through dog bites more than through bat bites in the United States.
False (B)
Ebola virus transmission can occur through contact with fomites such as dead bodies.
Ebola virus transmission can occur through contact with fomites such as dead bodies.
True (A)
The incubation period for rabies can last for several months before symptoms appear.
The incubation period for rabies can last for several months before symptoms appear.
True (A)
A definitive treatment exists for Ebola virus infection.
A definitive treatment exists for Ebola virus infection.
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Common symptoms of rabies infection include hypophagia and fever.
Common symptoms of rabies infection include hypophagia and fever.
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Rabies virus can be transmitted through aerosol contact, particularly in bat caves.
Rabies virus can be transmitted through aerosol contact, particularly in bat caves.
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Ebola virus requires indirect contact with bodily fluids for transmission.
Ebola virus requires indirect contact with bodily fluids for transmission.
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Hypersalivation is one of the symptoms associated with rabies infection.
Hypersalivation is one of the symptoms associated with rabies infection.
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Fever is a symptom that can present in both rabies and Ebola infections.
Fever is a symptom that can present in both rabies and Ebola infections.
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Vaccination is a definitive treatment for rabies infection.
Vaccination is a definitive treatment for rabies infection.
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The rabies virus travels to the CNS by moving in a retrograde fashion along nerve axons.
The rabies virus travels to the CNS by moving in a retrograde fashion along nerve axons.
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Ebola virus can be transmitted through indirect means such as contact with contaminated surfaces.
Ebola virus can be transmitted through indirect means such as contact with contaminated surfaces.
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Negri bodies are found in neurons and are used in the diagnosis of rabies virus.
Negri bodies are found in neurons and are used in the diagnosis of rabies virus.
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A definitive treatment is available for Ebola virus infection.
A definitive treatment is available for Ebola virus infection.
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Fever is a symptom that can manifest in Ebola virus infection as well as rabies infection.
Fever is a symptom that can manifest in Ebola virus infection as well as rabies infection.
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The incubation period for Ebola virus can last up to 21 days before symptoms appear.
The incubation period for Ebola virus can last up to 21 days before symptoms appear.
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Rabies is diagnosed through the presence of filamentous bodies in the liver.
Rabies is diagnosed through the presence of filamentous bodies in the liver.
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Supportive care is an essential treatment method for Ebola virus infections.
Supportive care is an essential treatment method for Ebola virus infections.
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Rabies can be transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids only.
Rabies can be transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids only.
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Hydrophobia is a symptom commonly associated with rabies infection.
Hydrophobia is a symptom commonly associated with rabies infection.
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Ebola virus requires direct contact with bodily fluids for transmission.
Ebola virus requires direct contact with bodily fluids for transmission.
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The rabies virus can migrate to the CNS by traveling in an anterograde fashion along nerve axons.
The rabies virus can migrate to the CNS by traveling in an anterograde fashion along nerve axons.
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Hypersalivation is a symptom associated with Ebola virus infection.
Hypersalivation is a symptom associated with Ebola virus infection.
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High fever is a common symptom appearing during the presentation of Ebola virus infection.
High fever is a common symptom appearing during the presentation of Ebola virus infection.
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Supportive care is the only treatment option for rabies virus infection.
Supportive care is the only treatment option for rabies virus infection.
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A key feature of rabies virus is that it has a short incubation period of hours to days.
A key feature of rabies virus is that it has a short incubation period of hours to days.
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Direct contact with the bodily fluids of infected individuals is a requirement for the transmission of Ebola virus.
Direct contact with the bodily fluids of infected individuals is a requirement for the transmission of Ebola virus.
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Hydrophobia is a symptom that can occur in patients infected with Ebola virus.
Hydrophobia is a symptom that can occur in patients infected with Ebola virus.
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The presence of Negri bodies in neurons is used to diagnose Ebola virus infection.
The presence of Negri bodies in neurons is used to diagnose Ebola virus infection.
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Ebola infections have a definitive treatment available that guarantees recovery.
Ebola infections have a definitive treatment available that guarantees recovery.
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Study Notes
Rabies Virus
- Long incubation period ranges from weeks to months before symptoms appear.
- Postexposure prophylaxis involves wound cleaning, immunization with a killed virus vaccine, and rabies immunoglobulin, establishing a passive-active immunity relationship.
- The virus travels to the central nervous system (CNS) using retrograde migration through nerve axons, facilitated by dynein motors after binding to acetylcholine receptors.
Transmission
- Most common infections occur from bites of bats, raccoons, and skunks in the United States; dog bites are less frequent.
- Aerosol transmission can occur, notably in bat caves.
Diagnosis
- Identified as a bullet-shaped virus.
- Presence of Negri bodies, which are cytoplasmic inclusions typically found in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and hippocampal neurons.
Progression of Disease
- Symptoms may include:
- Hypersalivation
- Photophobia
- Hydrophobia
- Agitation and paralysis
- General malaise and fever
- Coma leading to death
Ebola Virus
- Classified as a filovirus, with an incubation period of up to 21 days.
- Transmission necessitates direct contact with bodily fluids, fomites (including deceased individuals), and infected bats or primates, leading to high rates of healthcare-associated infections.
Complications
- Potential complications include disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), diffuse hemorrhage, and shock.
Diagnosis
- Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) must be conducted within 48 hours of symptom onset for accurate diagnosis.
Treatment
- Supportive care is the primary treatment available; there is no definitive cure for Ebola.
- Prophylactic vaccination for contacts and strict isolation of infected individuals, along with barrier practices for healthcare workers, are critical to preventing the spread.
Presentation
- Initial symptoms typically present abruptly, resembling flu-like illness, and may include:
- Diarrhea and vomiting
- High fever
- Myalgia
Rabies Virus
- Long incubation period ranges from weeks to months before symptoms appear.
- Postexposure prophylaxis involves wound cleaning, immunization with a killed virus vaccine, and rabies immunoglobulin, establishing a passive-active immunity relationship.
- The virus travels to the central nervous system (CNS) using retrograde migration through nerve axons, facilitated by dynein motors after binding to acetylcholine receptors.
Transmission
- Most common infections occur from bites of bats, raccoons, and skunks in the United States; dog bites are less frequent.
- Aerosol transmission can occur, notably in bat caves.
Diagnosis
- Identified as a bullet-shaped virus.
- Presence of Negri bodies, which are cytoplasmic inclusions typically found in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and hippocampal neurons.
Progression of Disease
- Symptoms may include:
- Hypersalivation
- Photophobia
- Hydrophobia
- Agitation and paralysis
- General malaise and fever
- Coma leading to death
Ebola Virus
- Classified as a filovirus, with an incubation period of up to 21 days.
- Transmission necessitates direct contact with bodily fluids, fomites (including deceased individuals), and infected bats or primates, leading to high rates of healthcare-associated infections.
Complications
- Potential complications include disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), diffuse hemorrhage, and shock.
Diagnosis
- Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) must be conducted within 48 hours of symptom onset for accurate diagnosis.
Treatment
- Supportive care is the primary treatment available; there is no definitive cure for Ebola.
- Prophylactic vaccination for contacts and strict isolation of infected individuals, along with barrier practices for healthcare workers, are critical to preventing the spread.
Presentation
- Initial symptoms typically present abruptly, resembling flu-like illness, and may include:
- Diarrhea and vomiting
- High fever
- Myalgia
Rabies Virus
- Long incubation period ranges from weeks to months before symptoms appear.
- Postexposure prophylaxis involves wound cleaning, immunization with a killed virus vaccine, and rabies immunoglobulin, establishing a passive-active immunity relationship.
- The virus travels to the central nervous system (CNS) using retrograde migration through nerve axons, facilitated by dynein motors after binding to acetylcholine receptors.
Transmission
- Most common infections occur from bites of bats, raccoons, and skunks in the United States; dog bites are less frequent.
- Aerosol transmission can occur, notably in bat caves.
Diagnosis
- Identified as a bullet-shaped virus.
- Presence of Negri bodies, which are cytoplasmic inclusions typically found in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and hippocampal neurons.
Progression of Disease
- Symptoms may include:
- Hypersalivation
- Photophobia
- Hydrophobia
- Agitation and paralysis
- General malaise and fever
- Coma leading to death
Ebola Virus
- Classified as a filovirus, with an incubation period of up to 21 days.
- Transmission necessitates direct contact with bodily fluids, fomites (including deceased individuals), and infected bats or primates, leading to high rates of healthcare-associated infections.
Complications
- Potential complications include disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), diffuse hemorrhage, and shock.
Diagnosis
- Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) must be conducted within 48 hours of symptom onset for accurate diagnosis.
Treatment
- Supportive care is the primary treatment available; there is no definitive cure for Ebola.
- Prophylactic vaccination for contacts and strict isolation of infected individuals, along with barrier practices for healthcare workers, are critical to preventing the spread.
Presentation
- Initial symptoms typically present abruptly, resembling flu-like illness, and may include:
- Diarrhea and vomiting
- High fever
- Myalgia
Rabies Virus
- Long incubation period ranges from weeks to months before symptoms appear.
- Postexposure prophylaxis involves wound cleaning, immunization with a killed virus vaccine, and rabies immunoglobulin, establishing a passive-active immunity relationship.
- The virus travels to the central nervous system (CNS) using retrograde migration through nerve axons, facilitated by dynein motors after binding to acetylcholine receptors.
Transmission
- Most common infections occur from bites of bats, raccoons, and skunks in the United States; dog bites are less frequent.
- Aerosol transmission can occur, notably in bat caves.
Diagnosis
- Identified as a bullet-shaped virus.
- Presence of Negri bodies, which are cytoplasmic inclusions typically found in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and hippocampal neurons.
Progression of Disease
- Symptoms may include:
- Hypersalivation
- Photophobia
- Hydrophobia
- Agitation and paralysis
- General malaise and fever
- Coma leading to death
Ebola Virus
- Classified as a filovirus, with an incubation period of up to 21 days.
- Transmission necessitates direct contact with bodily fluids, fomites (including deceased individuals), and infected bats or primates, leading to high rates of healthcare-associated infections.
Complications
- Potential complications include disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), diffuse hemorrhage, and shock.
Diagnosis
- Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) must be conducted within 48 hours of symptom onset for accurate diagnosis.
Treatment
- Supportive care is the primary treatment available; there is no definitive cure for Ebola.
- Prophylactic vaccination for contacts and strict isolation of infected individuals, along with barrier practices for healthcare workers, are critical to preventing the spread.
Presentation
- Initial symptoms typically present abruptly, resembling flu-like illness, and may include:
- Diarrhea and vomiting
- High fever
- Myalgia
Rabies Virus
- Long incubation period ranges from weeks to months before symptoms appear.
- Postexposure prophylaxis involves wound cleaning, immunization with a killed virus vaccine, and rabies immunoglobulin, establishing a passive-active immunity relationship.
- The virus travels to the central nervous system (CNS) using retrograde migration through nerve axons, facilitated by dynein motors after binding to acetylcholine receptors.
Transmission
- Most common infections occur from bites of bats, raccoons, and skunks in the United States; dog bites are less frequent.
- Aerosol transmission can occur, notably in bat caves.
Diagnosis
- Identified as a bullet-shaped virus.
- Presence of Negri bodies, which are cytoplasmic inclusions typically found in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and hippocampal neurons.
Progression of Disease
- Symptoms may include:
- Hypersalivation
- Photophobia
- Hydrophobia
- Agitation and paralysis
- General malaise and fever
- Coma leading to death
Ebola Virus
- Classified as a filovirus, with an incubation period of up to 21 days.
- Transmission necessitates direct contact with bodily fluids, fomites (including deceased individuals), and infected bats or primates, leading to high rates of healthcare-associated infections.
Complications
- Potential complications include disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), diffuse hemorrhage, and shock.
Diagnosis
- Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) must be conducted within 48 hours of symptom onset for accurate diagnosis.
Treatment
- Supportive care is the primary treatment available; there is no definitive cure for Ebola.
- Prophylactic vaccination for contacts and strict isolation of infected individuals, along with barrier practices for healthcare workers, are critical to preventing the spread.
Presentation
- Initial symptoms typically present abruptly, resembling flu-like illness, and may include:
- Diarrhea and vomiting
- High fever
- Myalgia
Rabies Virus
- Long incubation period ranges from weeks to months before symptoms appear.
- Postexposure prophylaxis involves wound cleaning, immunization with a killed virus vaccine, and rabies immunoglobulin, establishing a passive-active immunity relationship.
- The virus travels to the central nervous system (CNS) using retrograde migration through nerve axons, facilitated by dynein motors after binding to acetylcholine receptors.
Transmission
- Most common infections occur from bites of bats, raccoons, and skunks in the United States; dog bites are less frequent.
- Aerosol transmission can occur, notably in bat caves.
Diagnosis
- Identified as a bullet-shaped virus.
- Presence of Negri bodies, which are cytoplasmic inclusions typically found in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and hippocampal neurons.
Progression of Disease
- Symptoms may include:
- Hypersalivation
- Photophobia
- Hydrophobia
- Agitation and paralysis
- General malaise and fever
- Coma leading to death
Ebola Virus
- Classified as a filovirus, with an incubation period of up to 21 days.
- Transmission necessitates direct contact with bodily fluids, fomites (including deceased individuals), and infected bats or primates, leading to high rates of healthcare-associated infections.
Complications
- Potential complications include disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), diffuse hemorrhage, and shock.
Diagnosis
- Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) must be conducted within 48 hours of symptom onset for accurate diagnosis.
Treatment
- Supportive care is the primary treatment available; there is no definitive cure for Ebola.
- Prophylactic vaccination for contacts and strict isolation of infected individuals, along with barrier practices for healthcare workers, are critical to preventing the spread.
Presentation
- Initial symptoms typically present abruptly, resembling flu-like illness, and may include:
- Diarrhea and vomiting
- High fever
- Myalgia
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