Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which quantitative research design is best suited for observing and reporting a phenomenon as it occurs?
Which quantitative research design is best suited for observing and reporting a phenomenon as it occurs?
What is the main goal of correlational research?
What is the main goal of correlational research?
Which research design involves measuring causes from pre-existing effects?
Which research design involves measuring causes from pre-existing effects?
In quasi-experimental research, what is a key characteristic of the group assignment?
In quasi-experimental research, what is a key characteristic of the group assignment?
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Which research design is best known for applying treatment and manipulation extensively?
Which research design is best known for applying treatment and manipulation extensively?
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What characteristic differentiates descriptive research from other designs?
What characteristic differentiates descriptive research from other designs?
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Which type of research design can be used when the researcher cannot control the variables?
Which type of research design can be used when the researcher cannot control the variables?
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In what scenario is the use of correlational research most appropriate?
In what scenario is the use of correlational research most appropriate?
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What is the recommended order for arranging questions in a research instrument?
What is the recommended order for arranging questions in a research instrument?
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Which type of validity ensures that an instrument appears valid at first glance?
Which type of validity ensures that an instrument appears valid at first glance?
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What does reliability refer to in the context of research instruments?
What does reliability refer to in the context of research instruments?
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Which form of validity assesses how well an instrument predicts similar outcomes in the future?
Which form of validity assesses how well an instrument predicts similar outcomes in the future?
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What is the process of modifying an existing research instrument called?
What is the process of modifying an existing research instrument called?
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Which type of validity involves expert judgment and checking statements to ensure they meet study objectives?
Which type of validity involves expert judgment and checking statements to ensure they meet study objectives?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of validity for research instruments?
Which of the following is NOT a type of validity for research instruments?
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To ensure valid and reliable results in research instruments, what must be established before crafting the instrument?
To ensure valid and reliable results in research instruments, what must be established before crafting the instrument?
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Which type of scale is NOT commonly used in data collection?
Which type of scale is NOT commonly used in data collection?
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What is the purpose of establishing inter-rater reliability?
What is the purpose of establishing inter-rater reliability?
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When designing a quantitative research interview, what should be prioritized in the structuring of questions?
When designing a quantitative research interview, what should be prioritized in the structuring of questions?
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In the context of quantitative interviews, what is an important consideration for the order of questions?
In the context of quantitative interviews, what is an important consideration for the order of questions?
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What method can be employed to mitigate observer bias?
What method can be employed to mitigate observer bias?
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For enhancing observational data collection, what is a crucial element to include?
For enhancing observational data collection, what is a crucial element to include?
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What is a key characteristic of quantitative interviews?
What is a key characteristic of quantitative interviews?
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Which action is NOT recommended when creating quantitative research interview questions?
Which action is NOT recommended when creating quantitative research interview questions?
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What is a key advantage of including both positive and negative statements in a survey?
What is a key advantage of including both positive and negative statements in a survey?
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Which option is recommended to manage survey length effectively?
Which option is recommended to manage survey length effectively?
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Why is it essential to clarify the purpose of an assessment?
Why is it essential to clarify the purpose of an assessment?
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What does assessing a test's validity ensure?
What does assessing a test's validity ensure?
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When selecting a test format, what should it align with?
When selecting a test format, what should it align with?
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How can time constraints impact an assessment?
How can time constraints impact an assessment?
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What should be included in a survey to cater to respondents who may not fit standard answer choices?
What should be included in a survey to cater to respondents who may not fit standard answer choices?
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Which type of tests are typically designed to measure specific characteristics or abilities?
Which type of tests are typically designed to measure specific characteristics or abilities?
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What is the critical value that determines whether to reject the null hypothesis in the example provided?
What is the critical value that determines whether to reject the null hypothesis in the example provided?
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Which step involves computing the expected frequencies in a Chi-square Test?
Which step involves computing the expected frequencies in a Chi-square Test?
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In the context of the study, which of the following is NOT a type of implication mentioned in the Conclusions?
In the context of the study, which of the following is NOT a type of implication mentioned in the Conclusions?
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What conclusion can be drawn when the test statistic is greater than the critical value?
What conclusion can be drawn when the test statistic is greater than the critical value?
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Which aspect is emphasized as necessary for writing an effective conclusion?
Which aspect is emphasized as necessary for writing an effective conclusion?
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Which of the following reflects a characteristic of conclusions in research findings?
Which of the following reflects a characteristic of conclusions in research findings?
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What is a type of implication that explores how findings can lead to new studies?
What is a type of implication that explores how findings can lead to new studies?
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What is the main purpose of interpreting the Pearson’s correlation coefficient?
What is the main purpose of interpreting the Pearson’s correlation coefficient?
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What is a primary consideration when choosing assessment formats for students?
What is a primary consideration when choosing assessment formats for students?
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Why is standardization important in assessments?
Why is standardization important in assessments?
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How should results be presented in a research paper?
How should results be presented in a research paper?
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What should be emphasized in the results section of a research paper?
What should be emphasized in the results section of a research paper?
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Which of the following is NOT recommended for selecting assessments?
Which of the following is NOT recommended for selecting assessments?
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What role do tables and figures play in the results section?
What role do tables and figures play in the results section?
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When drafting the results section, what tense should be used when referring to the data collected?
When drafting the results section, what tense should be used when referring to the data collected?
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Which of the following is a recommended practice before writing Chapter 4 of a research paper?
Which of the following is a recommended practice before writing Chapter 4 of a research paper?
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Study Notes
Quantitative Research Designs
- Research design is the overall strategy used to integrate all components of a research study.
- Quantitative research often involves abstraction and numerical analysis.
- Research designs in quantitative research are often pre-established.
- Clear research design allows for a clearer understanding of the analysis and interpretation.
- The research problem dictates the research design.
Types of Quantitative Research Design
1. Descriptive Research
- Used when little is known about a research problem.
- Exploratory in nature.
- Used to observe and report a phenomenon as it happens.
2. Correlational Research
- Aims to determine if variables increase or decrease together.
- Seeks to establish associations between variables.
- Does not assess cause and effect.
3. Ex Post Facto Research
- Used to measure a cause from a pre-existing effect.
- Researcher has no control over variables.
- Cannot conclude changes occurred during the study.
4. Quasi-Experimental Research
- Aims to measure causal relationships between variables.
- Involves manipulation of a variable.
- Participants are not randomly assigned.
5. Experimental Research
- Based on the scientific method.
- Involves controlled or manipulated environments.
- Random assignment of participants to treatment and control groups is important.
Quantitative Sampling
- Population is the entire set of subjects for a survey or study.
- Sample selection refers to systematically selecting individuals for analysis.
- Sample size determination can be done through heuristic (rule of thumb) approach, using literature reviews, or using a mathematical formula.
- Generalizability refers to the applicability of findings to other contexts.
Probability Sampling
- Participants are selected randomly from a larger population.
A. Simple Random Sampling
- Each member of the population has an equal chance of selection.
- Methods include fish bowl, roulette wheel, or random number tables.
B. Stratified Random Sampling
- Population is divided into subgroups (strata).
- Samples are drawn from each subgroup.
- Suitable when looking at specific groups within the population (e.g., gender, grade level).
C. Cluster Sampling
- Useful for large-scale studies with geographically dispersed populations.
- Population is grouped into clusters.
- Clusters are selected to meet the study's sample size requirements.
Research Instruments
- Tools used to collect data for research topics.
- Examples include performance tests, questionnaires, or checklists.
Instrument Characteristics
- Concise: Instruments are brief but comprehensive.
- Sequential: Questions are ordered logically (e.g., simple to complex).
- Valid and Reliable: The instrument accurately measures what it intends to measure and provides consistent results.
- Easily tabulated: The data from the instrument are organized for easy analysis.
Validity of Instruments
- Face Validity: Instrument appears to measure what it intends to measure.
- Content Validity: Instrument measures all aspects of the construct.
- Construct Validity: Instrument measures the theoretical construct accurately.
- Concurrent Validity: Instrument results correlate with similar established measures.
- Predictive Validity: Instrument accurately predicts future measures.
Reliability of Instruments
- Measures consistency and stability of a measure over time.
- Test-retest reliability: Similar scores when the same test is repeated.
- Parallel form reliability: Similar scores when administering different versions of the test.
- Internal consistency reliability: Items within a test consistently measure the same construct.
- Inter-rater reliability: Consistency between different raters.
Quantitative Data Collection Techniques
- Observing, interviewing, questionnaires/surveys and experiments are methods for collecting quantitative data.
- Collecting information/facts using numerical values.
- Data techniques from observation (direct or indirect), interviews or questionnaires.
Quantitative Data Analysis
- Statistical techniques are used to illustrate, summarize and evaluate data through statistical analysis and interpretation.
- Parametric (e.g., t-test, ANOVA) methods assume normal distribution.
- Non-parametric (e.g., Mann-Whitney test) are used if there's no normal distribution.
Presenting and Analyzing Data
- Data is presented and analyzed using tables or graphs.
- Research instruments (e.g., questionnaires) and statistical tools are used for analysis.
Tips for Choosing Tests and Assessments
- Clarify purpose, evaluate reliability, choose appropriate test format, consider time constraints and accessibility, check for test security, and consider standardization.
Results and Discussion
- Present findings from your study clearly using tables, figures, and thorough analysis.
- Compare your study's findings with prior research.
Analyzing of Data presentation in Tables and Graphs
- Tables display data in rows and columns.
- Data in tables is organized for concise and clear presentation.
- Graphs visually represent trends or comparisons.
Tests of Difference
- Used to compare groups (e.g., t-test, ANOVA).
- Statistical methods are used for analyzing the differences between groups on a specific variable.
Test of Relationship
- Analyze the relationship between two or more variables (e.g., correlation).
- Statistical methods are used for analyzing the relationship(s) between variables through Pearson's correlation Coefficient and Chi-Square test.
Drawing Conclusions
- Summaries of findings, implications of findings, and summary of inferences are included in the conclusion to ensure comprehensiveness.
Recommendations
- Suggestions for how to apply research knowledge, or further research are included.
- Relevance to the study should be clear, logical reasons should be well-thought out, and the suggestions should be practical.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of quantitative research designs, including descriptive, correlational, and ex post facto research. Understand how these designs shape research analysis and interpretation. Learn how to choose the appropriate strategy for your research problem.
