Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is meant by 'accessible population' in research?
What is meant by 'accessible population' in research?
Which sampling method involves dividing a population into strata before selection?
Which sampling method involves dividing a population into strata before selection?
What does 'construct validity' pertain to in the context of research instruments?
What does 'construct validity' pertain to in the context of research instruments?
Which type of reliability focuses on consistency between different tests measuring the same concept?
Which type of reliability focuses on consistency between different tests measuring the same concept?
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In the context of data collection, which phase occurs after the data has been gathered?
In the context of data collection, which phase occurs after the data has been gathered?
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What is the primary purpose of inferential statistics in research?
What is the primary purpose of inferential statistics in research?
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What type of sampling involves selecting every nth individual from a population?
What type of sampling involves selecting every nth individual from a population?
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Which of the following is NOT a common research instrument used for data collection?
Which of the following is NOT a common research instrument used for data collection?
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What does face validity refer to in the context of research instruments?
What does face validity refer to in the context of research instruments?
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What should be included in the process of planning data analysis?
What should be included in the process of planning data analysis?
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What is the main objective of descriptive research?
What is the main objective of descriptive research?
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Which design allows researchers to control and manipulate the independent variable?
Which design allows researchers to control and manipulate the independent variable?
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In which research design is the researcher unable to control the variables?
In which research design is the researcher unable to control the variables?
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What does longitudinal design involve?
What does longitudinal design involve?
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Which type of research design aims to measure causal relationships between variables?
Which type of research design aims to measure causal relationships between variables?
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What type of research design analyzes data from a population at a single point in time?
What type of research design analyzes data from a population at a single point in time?
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Which of the following is characteristic of correlational research?
Which of the following is characteristic of correlational research?
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What is the primary method employed in experimental research?
What is the primary method employed in experimental research?
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What distinguishes observational design from experimental design?
What distinguishes observational design from experimental design?
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Which type of quantitative research is primarily explanatory in nature?
Which type of quantitative research is primarily explanatory in nature?
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Study Notes
Quantitative Research Design
- Quantitative research is systematic and controlled.
- Research design is the overall strategy for integrating research components.
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Types of Quantitative Research Designs:
- Descriptive Research: Explanatory; answers "who, what, where, when, how much"; observes and reports phenomena.
- Correlational Research: Determines if variables increase/decrease together; establishes associations.
- Quasi-Experimental Research: Measures causal relationships between variables.
- Experimental Research: Based on experimentation; gathers data in controlled environments.
- Ex-Post Facto: Researcher has no control over variables; cannot conclude changes occurred during study.
- Cross-sectional: Observational study analyzing data from a population at one point in time.
- Longitudinal: Repeated observations of same variables/subjects over time.
- Observational: Researchers observe effects of interventions, risks, tests, or treatments without direct manipulation.
Sampling Procedure and the Sample
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Population: Totality of objects, elements, persons, and characteristics of interest.
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Types of Populations:
- Target Population: Actual population.
- Accessible Population: Portion of the target population.
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Sampling: Systematic process of selecting a group for analysis.
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Sample: Representative subset of the population.
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Heuristic: Rule of thumb for sample size.
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Literature Review: Reading similar or related literature to inform studies.
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Statistical Power: Probability of rejecting the null hypothesis.
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Effect Size: Level of difference between groups.
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Probability Sampling:
- Simple Random Sampling: Equal chance for each member of the accessible population to be selected.
- Stratified Random Sampling: Population divided into strata (groups) before sampling.
- Cluster Sampling: Groups or clusters of participants selected from larger populations for inclusion.
- Systematic Sampling: Selecting every nth member of the population until desired sample size is reached.
Research Instruments, Validity, and Reliability
- Research Instrument: Tools to gather data for research problems.
- Common Instruments: Performance tests, questionnaires, interviews, observational checklists.
- Common Scales: Likert scales (rating/ranking statements), Semantic differential (bipolar adjectives).
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Types of Validity:
- Face Validity: Judgment of instrument's apparent validity based on appearance.
- Content Validity: Instrument covers all relevant content.
- Construct Validity: Instrument's correspondence with the theoretical construct.
- Concurrent Validity: Instrument predicts similar results to validated tests.
- Predictive Validity: Instrument produces similar results to future tests.
- Reliability: Consistency of measurements.
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Types of Reliability:
- Test-retest Reliability: Same test given twice to the same group; consistency of scores checked.
- Equivalent Forms Reliability: Two similar tests administered; consistency checked.
- Internal Consistency Reliability: Items measure the same construct; high score on one item implies high similar items.
- Interrater Reliability: Agreement between different observers/assessors
- Parallel forms reliability: Correlation between different versions of a test.
- Split-half Reliability: Statistical method measuring internal consistency of a test.
Research Intervention
- Nature of Research Intervention: Actions taken on study participants (who receives and to what extent).
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Steps in Describing the Intervention:
- Background information.
- Experimental and control group differences and similarities.
- Procedure explanation.
- Basis of procedure.
Planning Data Collection Procedures
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Techniques:
- Observation: Gathering information by using senses.
- Survey: Data gathering through interviews or questionnaires.
- Experiment: Using treatments and measuring their effects.
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Phases:
- Before (data gathering preparation).
- During (actual data gathering).
- After (data analysis).
Planning Data Analysis
- Data Analysis: Summarizing gathered information to answer research questions.
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Statistical Techniques:
- Descriptive Statistics: Summarizes basic features of a dataset.
- Inferential Statistics: Finds predictions, tests hypotheses, interprets conclusions.
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Types of Analysis:
- Univariate Analysis: One variable.
- Bivariate Analysis: Two variables (e.g., dependent, independent).
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of quantitative research design, including its systematic approach and various types such as descriptive, correlational, and experimental research. Test your knowledge on how these designs integrate into the overall research strategy and their respective characteristics.
