QHPE 601: Evidence-Based Teaching and Learning
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Questions and Answers

What is NOT a characteristic of an effective learning objective?

  • It defines observable student behaviors.
  • It is concise and clear.
  • It contributes to reaching instructional goals.
  • It outlines vague expectations. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT one of the domains of learning?

  • Psychomotor
  • Cognitive
  • Behavioral (correct)
  • Affective

Which component is NOT typically included in the format of a learning objective?

  • Timeframe (correct)
  • Behavior
  • Condition
  • Audience

Which level is NOT part of the Cognitive Domain taxonomy?

<p>Implementation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the Psychomotor domain?

<p>It relates to physical skills and coordination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily drives the development of an effective instructional strategy?

<p>Learning objectives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the Affective domain?

<p>Engaging in emotional responses and beliefs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example of a behavior in the Psychomotor domain?

<p>Demonstrating a dance routine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Evaluation level in the cognitive domain primarily focus on?

<p>Judging the value of materials or methods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of cognition includes aspects of analysis and synthesis for problem-solving?

<p>Cognition 3: Problem Solving (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Bloom's Taxonomy, which of the following processes goes beyond simply recalling information?

<p>Synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the level of Interpretation defined in the cognitive domain?

<p>Combines recall with synthesis and decision-making (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what cognitive level can one break down complex information into its component parts?

<p>Analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive level might involve using laboratory data to determine if results are normal or abnormal?

<p>Interpretation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the Synthesis level in cognitive processes?

<p>It involves combining various elements into a coherent whole. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive level includes elements of gathering, interpreting, and synthesizing data for effective decision-making?

<p>Cognition 3: Problem Solving (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change did Lorin Anderson make to Bloom's Taxonomy?

<p>He rearranged the categories and changed their names from nouns to verb forms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest level of skill in Ravindra H. Dave's Psychomotor Domain taxonomy?

<p>Perform independently (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Psychomotor Domain, what does 'P2' signify?

<p>Assist in the procedure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skills is NOT a part of the Psychomotor Domain as described in the content?

<p>Analyze statistical data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Affective Domain emphasizes which type of actions?

<p>Emotional responses and advocacy for student-centered strategies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the behaviour component in a learning objective?

<p>It should describe observable and measurable actions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the A+B+C+D format, what does the 'Condition' component specify?

<p>The circumstances under which the learning task is performed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the 'Degree' aspect in a well-constructed learning objective?

<p>The degree to which the learned behaviour is expected to be executed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the 'Audience' component play in a learning objective?

<p>It specifies who will engage with the learning material. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the behaviour described in a learning objective be articulated?

<p>By employing precise action verbs that indicate measurable tasks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of committing to small group discussions in a classroom setting?

<p>To foster collaborative learning among students (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action exemplifies the 'Receiving' level in the affective domain?

<p>Listen attentively to peers during discussions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of small group discussions, which verb best reflects the 'Responding' level of the affective domain?

<p>Assist others in articulating their thoughts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Valuing' level in the affective domain primarily involve?

<p>Developing a personal stance or preference towards discussions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To achieve the 'Organization' level in the affective domain, which action is most appropriate?

<p>Classifying different viewpoints during discussions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'Internalizing' level of the affective domain?

<p>Demonstrating behavior that aligns with personal values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome reflects successful small group discussion participation?

<p>Each student having equal opportunity to contribute (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions best supports effective listening in small group discussions?

<p>Asking clarifying questions when needed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does curriculum hypertrophy refer to?

<p>Dramatic growth in the knowledge bases required for health professions education (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition likely results from excessive adjustments to the curriculum without meaningful evaluation?

<p>Iatrogenic curriculitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Curriculum dysesthesia is characterized by what condition?

<p>Curriculum in good health despite feelings of discomfort (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does curriculum ossification indicate?

<p>Rigidity in the curriculum structure akin to being cast in concrete (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intercurrent curriculitis arises due to which primary issue?

<p>Incompatibility of the curriculum with concurrent societal problems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which definition best describes the term 'curriculum'?

<p>A planned educational experience including various teaching strategies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of concordance in curriculum planning?

<p>To maintain consistency between the planned and learned curricula. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinguishing feature of a syllabus compared to a curriculum?

<p>A syllabus lists specific content to be taught. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of curriculum, what does 'hidden curriculum' refer to?

<p>The unintended lessons that occur through social interactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the hidden curriculum most significantly address within medical education?

<p>The structure and norms of the educational organization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the formal curriculum?

<p>Unwritten student experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'diseases of curriculum'?

<p>Flaws or issues that undermine the effectiveness of the curriculum. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the relationship between a course and a curriculum?

<p>A course is a specific instance of a curriculum implementing educational strategies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the hidden curriculum inadvertently affect students' career choices?

<p>It discourages pursuit of certain specialties based on biases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the success of a curriculum be evaluated?

<p>Through the alignment of planned experiences with student learning outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the 'hidden curriculum' is accurate?

<p>It involves the informal transfer of knowledge and customs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant effect of the hidden curriculum in health professions education?

<p>Propagating biases within professional training. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the essential components of a well-designed curriculum?

<p>Flexibility in assessment methods to accommodate all student needs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'curriculosclerosis' refer to in the context of curriculum diseases?

<p>The hardening or rigidity of the curriculum structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component does NOT fall under the influences of the hidden curriculum?

<p>Structured classes focusing on specific learning outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which context does the term 'contextual-cultural' apply to the hidden curriculum?

<p>Cultural norms and values impacting learning outside formal instruction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of self-assessment focuses on evaluating past performances relative to peers and standards?

<p>Summative self-assessment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of predictive self-assessment?

<p>Setting realistic goals for future challenges (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process of monitoring ongoing performance and adjusting strategies accordingly?

<p>Concurrent self-assessment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects a criticism of the Pintrich SRL model?

<p>It lacks empirical support for its theoretical claims. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of goal setting, which question is most aligned with predictive self-assessment?

<p>What resources do I need for future tasks? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of interventions in education regarding self-assessment?

<p>Improving student self-perception and efficacy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the importance of reflection practices in learning?

<p>Fostering retrospective evaluation of both performance and personal growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best captures the essence of self-assessment accuracy?

<p>The alignment of self-rating with peer evaluations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of the systematic review on physician self-assessment accuracy?

<p>Self-assessment often does not correlate with objective measures of competence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is primarily considered in the practice of self-regulated learning (SRL)?

<p>Cognitive, motivational, and emotional factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is NOT recommended for creating effective learning goals (LGs)?

<p>Encourage learners to set long-term goals only. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model was specifically proposed by Zimmerman in 2000 that is integral to SRL frameworks?

<p>Multi-level model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy is suggested to engage faculty in developing learning goals for students?

<p>Use a role-play approach to encourage active participation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for fostering effective peer feedback mechanisms?

<p>Facilitating open workshops to encourage honesty and transparency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do feedback mechanisms in SRL contexts generally enhance learning outcomes?

<p>By facilitating self-reflection and goal adjustment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups was NOT included in the systematic review of self-assessment?

<p>Medical students. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of self-assessment in self-regulated learning?

<p>To enhance self-awareness and guide future learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable finding regarding the accuracy of self-assessment?

<p>High confidence does not guarantee accurate self-assessment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase in Zimmerman’s Cyclical SRL Model marks the beginning of the self-regulated learning process?

<p>Forethought phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of scheduling dedicated time for reflection on learning goals?

<p>It encourages a continuous process of growth and improvement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential challenge might learners face if they do not regularly engage in self-regulated learning practices?

<p>Degradation of specific competencies over time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor should NOT be a consideration when developing learning goals according to effective practices?

<p>Ensuring that goals align only with institutional requirements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an essential characteristic of reflection practices in SRL?

<p>Analyzing past performance to inform future actions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following models emphasizes the cyclical nature of self-regulated learning phases?

<p>Zimmerman &amp; Moylan model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of adult learners in relation to their learning process?

<p>They are self-directed and independent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of adult learning emphasizes the importance of integrating learning with real-life situations?

<p>Orientation to learning is life-centered. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is considered less effective for adult learners compared to others listed?

<p>Passive listening to lectures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivates adult learners more than external factors?

<p>Internal drives and personal relevance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should adult learners engage with information to improve their understanding effectively?

<p>By generating personal questions about the content. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of adult education, what does a 'problem-centered' approach entail?

<p>Learning driven by real-life challenges and scenarios. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices is less likely to facilitate effective retention among adult learners?

<p>Massed practice without revisiting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of self-explanation in the context of adult learning strategies?

<p>Questioning the significance of the material. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Revised Bloom's Taxonomy

A revised version of the cognitive learning taxonomy, made by Lorin Anderson, changing the names in the six categories from nouns to verbs and slightly rearranging them.

Psychomotor Domain

A domain of learning related to physical skills and actions.

Psychomotor Taxonomy (5 Stages)

A 5-stage model of psychomotor development, focusing on increasing independent performance, developed by Ravindra H. Dave.

Affective Domain

A domain of learning related to attitudes and feelings.

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Example of Psychomotor Skill

Performing a procedure like a lumbar puncture (LP) in a clinical setting in supervised or independent manner.

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Learning Objective

A clear statement of observable student behaviors evaluated after learning activities, contributing to a goal.

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Cognitive Domain

Learning involving knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of facts.

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Learning Objective Components

A format having A + B + C + D.

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Learning

Change in behavior resulting from cognitive processes or acquisition of knowledge through participation.

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Purpose of Learning Objectives

Describing expected student performance, developing effective instruction, and creating efficient assessments.

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Learning Taxonomy

Categorization of learning which includes Cognitive, Psychomotor, and Affective; categorized to describe learner behaviors.

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Knowledge in Bloom's Taxonomy

Remembering facts, principles, processes, patterns, and methods.

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Comprehension in Bloom's Taxonomy

Understanding information that is recalled. Summarize or explain information.

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Application in Bloom's Taxonomy

Using information in a real-world, new situation.

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Analysis in Bloom's Taxonomy

Breaking down information into parts and seeing how they relate.

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Evaluation in Bloom's Taxonomy

Judging the value or quality of information.

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Synthesis in Bloom's Taxonomy

Combining different ideas to create something new.

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Cognition 1 (C1)

Recognition and recall of facts, principles, processes, and methods.

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Cognition 3 (C3)

Problem-solving by gathering, interpreting, synthesizing, analyzing data to form conclusions.

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Small Group Discussions

Classroom discussions divided into smaller groups for learning.

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Receiving (Affective Domain)

Selectively attending to stimuli; noticing and listening.

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Responding (Affective Domain)

Responding to stimuli by interacting and participating.

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Valuing (Affective Domain)

Attaching value or worth to something, showing willingness.

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Organization (Affective Domain)

Conceptualizing values and resolving conflicts between them.

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Internalizing (Affective Domain)

Integrating values into behavior and acting on them.

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Learning Objectives (A+B+C+D Format)

A method of creating learning objectives. Format not detailed in the content.

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What are the four factors in the A+B+C+D format for writing Learning Objectives?

The four factors are Audience, Behaviour, Condition, and Degree. This format helps create clear and specific learning objectives.

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What is the 'Audience' in a Learning Objective?

The 'Audience' refers to the target group of learners for whom the objective is intended.

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What does 'Behaviour' refer to in a Learning Objective?

'Behaviour' describes the specific actions or skills learners are expected to demonstrate after completing the learning activity.

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What is the 'Condition' in a Learning Objective?

The 'Condition' specifies the context or circumstances under which the learner will demonstrate the desired behaviors.

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What does 'Degree' indicate in a Learning Objective?

The 'Degree' clarifies the expected level of performance or proficiency for the learner's behavior.

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What is Curriculum?

A planned educational experience or activity, outlining what should happen in a teaching program, including learning outcomes, assessment, and the learning environment.

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What does a Curriculum Include?

Content, aims, learning methods, subject matter sequencing, educational strategies, learning outcomes, assessment, and educational environment.

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What is a Syllabus?

A list of contents to be taught in a course or curriculum.

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Course vs. Curriculum

A course is a unit of teaching that typically lasts one academic term, while curriculum is a broader plan encompassing all learning experiences.

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Formal Curriculum

The officially planned and implemented curriculum, usually found in written documents like syllabuses and textbooks.

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Informal Curriculum

Learnings acquired outside of formal education, like from life experiences or interactions with family and friends.

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Hidden Curriculum

Unintentional or implicit lessons learned through the environment and culture of the learning setting.

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What is the goal of Curriculum Development?

To create a curriculum that is fit for the purpose and context of its day, aligning the intended curriculum with the actual learning experiences.

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Declared Curriculum

The intended learning experiences a program aims to deliver. This includes goals, objectives, and planned activities.

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Taught Curriculum

The actual instruction delivered to students, including the content, teaching methods, and learning activities used.

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Learned Curriculum

The knowledge, skills, and attitudes students truly acquire as a result of their learning experiences.

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Curriculosclerosis

A condition of the curriculum where it becomes rigid and inflexible, resisting change and innovation.

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Carcinoma of the Curriculum

A condition where one specific part of the curriculum grows uncontrolled and dominates the learning process, neglecting other important areas.

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Curriculoarthritis

A condition where the different parts of a curriculum don't fit together smoothly, causing friction and difficulty in learning.

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Curriculum Dysesthesia

A feeling of unease or discomfort about a curriculum, even if it appears sound, suggesting underlying problems.

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Iatrogenic Curriculitis

A curriculum constantly revised without proper reflection, leading to instability and lack of coherence.

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Curriculum Hypertrophy

Curriculum expands dramatically, requiring an overwhelming amount of knowledge for students to learn.

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Curriculum Ossification

A curriculum becomes rigid and unchanging, lacking flexibility and adaptability to new knowledge and needs.

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Self-Regulated Learning (SRL)

The process of taking control of one's own learning, including setting goals, monitoring progress, and adjusting strategies.

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Pintrich SRL Model

A model that analyzes SRL processes in terms of phases (forethought, performance, and reflection) and areas (motivation, cognitive strategies, and metacognitive strategies).

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MSLQ Questionnaire

A common tool to measure SRL and self-efficacy, often used in research related to the Pintrich SRL Model.

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Summative Self-Assessment

Reflecting on completed tasks to evaluate both the specific performance and one's abilities generally.

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Predictive Self-Assessment

Evaluating one's readiness and planning for future challenges.

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Concurrent Self-Assessment

Monitoring progress and adjusting strategies during a task.

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Self-Assessment Types

Three main types of self-assessment focus on summarizing past performance, predicting future performance, and monitoring progress.

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Importance of Self-Assessment

Essential for effective SRL, as it helps learners identify strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for improvement.

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Physician Self-Assessment Accuracy

How well physicians can judge their own competence compared to objective measures like OSCEs.

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Self-Assessment vs. Objective Measures

Studies show that physicians' self-assessment often doesn't match objective measures of their competence.

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Learning Goals (LGs)

Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound objectives that learners set for themselves.

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Interventions for Learners

Actions taken to support learners in creating and achieving their learning goals.

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Interventions for Faculty

Strategies to help educators support learners in goal-setting and reflection.

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Ask-Tell-Ask Model

A structured feedback technique where educators ask about performance, provide observations, and ask for reflection.

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Role-Playing in Learning

A technique where participants act out different scenarios to practice skills and develop understanding.

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Value of Goal Setting

Setting clear learning goals helps learners stay motivated, prioritize effort, and track progress.

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Zimmerman's Cyclical SRL Model

A model outlining three phases of self-regulated learning: Forethought, Performance, and Reflection, with each phase influencing the next.

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Forethought Phase

The initial planning stage where learners set goals, analyze tasks, and gather resources.

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Performance Phase

The active learning stage where individuals apply strategies, monitor their progress, and make adjustments as needed.

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Reflection Phase

The evaluation stage where learners assess their performance, identify strengths and weaknesses, and adapt future learning strategies.

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Pintrich Model

A model focusing on the interplay between self-efficacy beliefs, goal orientation, and intrinsic motivation in self-regulated learning.

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Academic Self-Regulation Scale (A-SRL)

A tool to measure students' self-regulated learning skills in an academic context, covering aspects like planning, monitoring, and evaluating.

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SRL Research Contributions

Researchers like Zimmerman and Pintrich have significantly advanced our understanding of self-regulated learning by developing models and instruments to measure it.

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Andragogy

The methods and techniques specifically used to teach adults.

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Adult Learning Principle: Self-Direction

Adults prefer to take control of their own learning and set their own pace.

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Adult Learning Principle: Experience

Adults bring a wealth of real-world experience to learning, which enhances understanding.

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Adult Learning Principle: Relevance

Adults are most motivated by learning that directly applies to their lives and problems.

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Behaviorism

Learning theory focusing on observable behaviors and how they are shaped by rewards and punishments.

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Cognitivism

Learning theory emphasizing mental processes like thinking, memory, and problem-solving.

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Constructivism

Learning theory where individuals build their own understanding by actively engaging with information and experiences.

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Retrieval Practice

A learning strategy where you test yourself regularly to solidify information in your memory.

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Study Notes

Learning Objectives

  • QHPE 601: Evidence-based Teaching and Learning
  • Learning objectives are clear, concise, and specific statements of observable student behaviors that can be evaluated at the conclusion of learning activities; contribute to reaching the goal.
  • Example: After the session of writing objectives, the students of MHPE will be able to develop the objectives for their own course effectively.

What is Learning?

  • Learning is change in behavior.
  • Learning is a cognitive mental process.
  • Learning as acquisition.
  • Learning as participation
  • Education is the process by which learning occurs.

What is a Learning Objective?

  • A learning objective is a clear, concise, and specific statement of observable student behaviors that can be evaluated at the conclusion of learning activities and contributes to reaching the goal.

Domains of Learning

  • Cognitive (Knowing):
    • Learning objective: Student performance involves factual knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.
  • Psychomotor (Doing):
    • Learning objective: Student performance involves using and coordinating the skeletal muscles including vision, hearing, speech, or sense of touch.
  • Affective (Feeling):
    • Learning objective: Student performance involves specific attitudes, beliefs, emotions, or role expectations.

Bloom's Taxonomy

  • A hierarchical model of cognitive skills; commonly used to design learning objectives and assessments, broken into six levels.
    • Knowledge—Remembering facts, terms, basic concepts
    • Comprehension—Understanding material; interpreting, summarizing, paraphrasing, translating
    • Application—Using acquired knowledge to solve problems in new situations
    • Analysis—Breaking down material into parts; identifying motives or patterns, comparing and contrasting
    • Synthesis—Combining parts to form a new whole; generating new ideas, creating a new structure
    • Evaluation—Judging the value of ideas, materials, or methods based on criteria

Cognitive Domain (Levels)

  • Cognition 1 (C1): Recognition and Recall: Involves recalling facts, principles, processes, patterns, and methods necessary for efficient professional task performance.

  • Cognition 2 (C2): Interpretation: Involves recalling, synthesizing, and deciding upon a singular piece of information and deriving meaning from the source. Knowledge of facts is needed for accurate interpretation.

  • Cognition 3 (C3): Problem Solving: Involves recalling, synthesizing, analyzing data from various sources to arrive at a solution/conclusion involving a clinical diagnosis/decision-making by applying the known facts and evaluating the situation.

Learning and Bloom's Taxonomy

How to Write Learning Objectives Using A+B+C+D Format

  • A (Audience): Target audience (e.g., MHPE students).
  • B (Behavior): Desired student action (e.g., "distinguish between").
  • C (Condition): Conditions/constraints under which the behavior will be performed (e.g., "at the end of the workshop").
  • D (Degree): Standard for behavior (e.g., "accurately").

A+B+C+D Format Examples

  • Audience: Final year students in surgery course
  • Behavior: Perform physical examination
  • Condition: Small group session, OPD/Ward
  • Degree: Independently, effectively, efficiently, 100% accuracy

Psychomotor Domain

  • Five stages of skill development, ranging from imitation to naturalization.
    • P1 - Observe: The lowest level, involves observation of procedures.
    • P2 - Assist: Individuals assist trained personnel in the procedure.
    • P3 - Perform under supervision: Performing with guidance until proficiency is reached.
    • P4 - Perform independently: Performing the task competently without supervision
    • P5 - Naturalisation: Performing tasks automatically and naturally, to a high degree of perfection.

Affective Domain

  • Describes the cognitive processes associated with feelings and attitudes.
    • Receiving: Paying attention
    • Responding: Participating in a positive manner
    • Valuing: Accepting a value or belief.
    • Organization: Organizing values into a system.
    • Internalizing Values: Integrating values into a personal belief structure.

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Description

This quiz will explore the fundamentals of evidence-based teaching and learning principles as outlined in QHPE 601. Participants will learn about learning objectives, the definition of learning, and the various domains of learning, including cognitive processes. Conclude the evaluation of student behaviors and develop effective learning objectives for courses.

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