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Questions and Answers
What is a primary cause of pulmonary congestion?
What is a primary cause of pulmonary congestion?
Which histological feature is indicative of heart failure in the lungs?
Which histological feature is indicative of heart failure in the lungs?
What describes the gross appearance of lungs affected by pulmonary atelectasis?
What describes the gross appearance of lungs affected by pulmonary atelectasis?
What condition is primarily caused by incomplete obstruction of bronchi or bronchioles?
What condition is primarily caused by incomplete obstruction of bronchi or bronchioles?
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Which of the following causes can lead to acquired atelectasis?
Which of the following causes can lead to acquired atelectasis?
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Study Notes
Pulmonary Congestion
- Passive accumulation of blood in pulmonary vessels and capillaries
- Often a result of left-sided heart failure
- Grossly appears as diffuse red discoloration of all pulmonary lobes, except cranial margins which appear thin and white
- Lung edema is a characteristic feature
Histology
- Heart Failure Cells: alveolar macrophages filled with hemosiderin are found within the alveoli
- Congested capillaries leak fluid and erythrocytes into the alveolar space, causing edema and intra-alveolar hemorrhages
- Red blood cells lyse and release hemosiderin, which is phagocytized by alveolar macrophages, forming "Heart Failure Cells"
Ruptured Pulmonary Aneurysm
- Large abscess erodes major pulmonary vessel
Abnormalites of Inflation
- Collapsed (Atelectasis)
- Overinflated (Emphysema)
Pulmonary Atelectasis
- Acquired atelectasis occurs when previously inflated alveoli lose air content
- Causes:
- Complete airway obstruction
- Pulmonary compression:
- Tympany
- Hydrothorax -Traumatic pericarditis
- Grossly:
- Lung shows a meaty appearance (red and firm)
- Lung is depressed relative to adjacent normal tissue
Pulmonary Emphysema
- Over inflation of alveoli with destruction of walls
- Causes:
- Incomplete obstruction of bronchi or bronchiole (e.g., foreign body or exudate), interfering with expiration
- Alveolar emphysema is characterized by enlargement and rupture of the alveolar walls.
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Description
This quiz covers various aspects of pulmonary congestion including its causes such as left-sided heart failure. It explores the histological features like heart failure cells and details on conditions like atelectasis and emphysema. Understand the pathophysiology of these pulmonary conditions and their implications.
