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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of pulmonary congestion?
What is indicated by the presence of heart failure cells in the alveoli?
What effect does pulmonary atelectasis have on the lung appearance grossly?
What causes pulmonary emphysema?
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Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with acquired atelectasis?
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What happens to capillaries during pulmonary congestion?
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What is a common consequence of ruptured pulmonary aneurysm?
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During bacterial pneumonia, what is likely to be observed microscopically?
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What is a feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease related to emphysema?
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What is a typical appearance of the lungs affected by pulmonary edema?
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Study Notes
Pulmonary Congestion
- Passive blood accumulation in pulmonary vessels and capillaries
- Often caused by left heart failure
- Grossly visible as diffuse red discoloration of all pulmonary lobes, except cranial margins which appear thin and white
- Lung edema present
- Heart Failure Cells within the alveoli (alveolar macrophages filled with hemosiderin)
- Prussian-blue stain used for identification
Pulmonary Congestion Histological Events
- Congested capillaries cause fluid and erythrocytes to escape into the alveolar space
- This leads to edema and intra-alveolar hemorrhages
- RBC lysis occurs, releasing hemosiderin
- Hemosiderin is phagocytized by alveolar macrophages, creating "Heart failure cells"
Ruptured Pulmonary Aneurysm
- Large abscess erodes major pulmonary vessel
Abnormalities of Inflation
- Collapsed (Atelectasis), where alveoli lose their air content
- Overinflated (Emphysema), where alveoli are overinflated by air and have destroyed walls
Acquired Atelectasis
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Causes:
- Complete airway obstruction
- Pulmonary compression
- Hydrothorax
- Traumatic pericarditis
Acquired Atelectasis Gross Pathology
- Meaty appearance (red and firm)
- Depressed in relation to adjacent normal lung
Pulmonary Emphysema
- Overinflation of alveoli by air with destruction of walls
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Causes:
- Incomplete obstruction of bronchi or bronchioles by foreign bodies or exudates
- Interference with expiration
- Characterized by enlargement and rupture of alveolar walls
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Description
Explore the pathological conditions of pulmonary congestion, including the role of left heart failure, lung edema, and the formation of heart failure cells. Additionally, understand the implications of ruptured pulmonary aneurysms and abnormalities of lung inflation. This quiz emphasizes key histological events and their significance in respiratory health.
