Pulmonary Congestion and Aneurysm

What is the primary cause of pulmonary congestion?

What is indicated by the presence of heart failure cells in the alveoli?

What effect does pulmonary atelectasis have on the lung appearance grossly?

What causes pulmonary emphysema?

Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with acquired atelectasis?

What happens to capillaries during pulmonary congestion?

What is a common consequence of ruptured pulmonary aneurysm?

During bacterial pneumonia, what is likely to be observed microscopically?

What is a feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease related to emphysema?

What is a typical appearance of the lungs affected by pulmonary edema?

Pulmonary Congestion

Passive blood accumulation in pulmonary vessels and capillaries
Often caused by left heart failure
Grossly visible as diffuse red discoloration of all pulmonary lobes, except cranial margins which appear thin and white
Lung edema present
Heart Failure Cells within the alveoli (alveolar macrophages filled with hemosiderin)
Prussian-blue stain used for identification

Pulmonary Congestion Histological Events

Congested capillaries cause fluid and erythrocytes to escape into the alveolar space
This leads to edema and intra-alveolar hemorrhages
RBC lysis occurs, releasing hemosiderin
Hemosiderin is phagocytized by alveolar macrophages, creating "Heart failure cells"

Ruptured Pulmonary Aneurysm

Large abscess erodes major pulmonary vessel

Abnormalities of Inflation

Collapsed (Atelectasis), where alveoli lose their air content
Overinflated (Emphysema), where alveoli are overinflated by air and have destroyed walls

Acquired Atelectasis

Causes:
- Complete airway obstruction
- Pulmonary compression
- Hydrothorax
- Traumatic pericarditis

Acquired Atelectasis Gross Pathology

Meaty appearance (red and firm)
Depressed in relation to adjacent normal lung

Pulmonary Emphysema

Overinflation of alveoli by air with destruction of walls
Causes:
- Incomplete obstruction of bronchi or bronchioles by foreign bodies or exudates
- Interference with expiration
Characterized by enlargement and rupture of alveolar walls

Explore the pathological conditions of pulmonary congestion, including the role of left heart failure, lung edema, and the formation of heart failure cells. Additionally, understand the implications of ruptured pulmonary aneurysms and abnormalities of lung inflation. This quiz emphasizes key histological events and their significance in respiratory health.