Podcast
Questions and Answers
Match the following conditions with their characteristics:
Match the following conditions with their characteristics:
Pulmonary Congestion = Passive accumulation of blood in pulmonary vessels and capillaries Atelectasis = Collapse of previously inflated alveoli Pulmonary Emphysema = Overinflation of alveoli with destruction of walls Ruptured Pulmonary Aneurism = Erosion of major pulmonary vessel by a large abscess
Match the histological findings with their corresponding conditions:
Match the histological findings with their corresponding conditions:
Heart Failure Cells = Macrophages filled with hemosiderin seen in pulmonary congestion Congested Capillaries = Presence of erythrocytes escaping into the alveolar space Alveolar Edema = Fluid accumulation in the alveoli during congestion Hemorrhages = Intra-alveolar bleeding associated with pulmonary congestion
Match the types of pulmonary atelectasis with their causes:
Match the types of pulmonary atelectasis with their causes:
Acquired Atelectasis = Loss of air content in previously inflated alveoli Pulmonary Compression = Can be caused by hydrothorax or traumatic pericarditis Complete Airway Obstruction = May lead to lung collapse Acute Obstructive Pulmonary Disease = Not a direct cause of atelectasis but related
Match the gross morphological findings with the specific pulmonary conditions:
Match the gross morphological findings with the specific pulmonary conditions:
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Match the type of pneumonia with its distribution and texture:
Match the type of pneumonia with its distribution and texture:
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Match the type of pneumonia with its common etiologies:
Match the type of pneumonia with its common etiologies:
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Match the pneumonia type with its characteristic color change:
Match the pneumonia type with its characteristic color change:
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Match the type of pneumonia with its port of entry:
Match the type of pneumonia with its port of entry:
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Match the pneumonia type with its cut surface characteristics:
Match the pneumonia type with its cut surface characteristics:
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Study Notes
Pulmonary Congestion
- Characterized by the passive accumulation of blood in pulmonary vessels and capillaries
- Often a consequence of left-sided heart failure
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Grossly:
- Pulmonary lobes exhibit a diffuse red discoloration
- Cranial margins typically appear thin and white
- Lung edema is evident
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Histology:
- Heart failure cells are present within the alveoli, characterized by alveolar macrophages filled with hemosiderin
- These cells are identifiable using a Prussian-blue stain
- Congested capillaries leak fluid and red blood cells (RBCs) into the alveolar space, leading to edema and intra-alveolar hemorrhages
- RBC lysis releases hemosiderin, which is phagocytized by alveolar macrophages, forming "heart failure cells"
Ruptured Pulmonary Aneurysm
- Occurs when a large abscess erodes a major pulmonary vessel
Abnormalites of Inflation
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Collapsed (Atelectasis):
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Acquired Atelectasis:
- Occurs when previously inflated alveoli lose their air content
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Causes:
- Complete airway obstruction
- Pulmonary compression, which can be caused by:
- Tympany
- Hydrothorax
- Traumatic pericarditis
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Grossly:
- Lung exhibits a meaty appearance, appearing firm and red
- Affected area appears depressed compared to adjacent normal tissue
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Acquired Atelectasis:
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Overinflated (Emphysema):
- Characterized by the overinflation of alveoli with air and destruction of alveolar walls
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Causes:
- Incomplete obstruction of bronchi or bronchioles, which can be caused by foreign body or exudate
- This obstruction interferes with expiration
-
Alveolar Emphysema:
- Characterized by the enlargement and rupture of alveolar walls
Suppurative Bronchopneumonia
- Affects the cranioventral portion of the lungs
- Firm texture
- Red color for acute cases, grey for chronic cases
- Purulent exudate present in the bronchi
- Aerogenous port of entry
- Common causes include bacteria (low pathogenicity), Mycoplasma, and aspiration of bland material
- Cranioventral abscesses and bronchiectasis are the most common sequelae
Fibrinous Bronchopneumonia
- Affects the cranioventral portion of the lungs
- Hard texture
- Red color initially, transitioning to yellow and then grey
- Fibrin present on the pleural surface
- Fibrin and necrosis observed on the cut surface
- Aerogenous port of entry
- Common causes include highly pathogenic bacteria (exotoxins) such as Mannhemia haemolytica and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, as well as aspiration of harsh materials
Interstitial Pneumonia
- Diffuse distribution throughout the lungs
- Elastic texture
- Meaty appearance on the cut surface
- Rib imprints present
- Lungs fail to collapse when the thorax is opened
- Aerogenous or hematogenous port of entry
- Common causes include viruses, toxins, type III hypersensitivity, and toxicants
- Injury primarily affects the alveolar wall (endothelium or pneumocytes)
- Thickening of alveolar walls is a key histological feature
- Often difficult to diagnose grossly
Granulomatous Pneumonia
- Multifocal distribution in the lungs
- Nodular texture (no pus)
- Granulomas present on the cut surface
- Aerogenous or hematogenous port of entry
- Common causes include Mycobacterium spp, systemic mycoses, parasitic ova, trapped food particles (starch), and dead parasites
Embolic Pneumonia
- Multifocal distribution throughout the lungs
- Nodular texture
- Hematogenous port of entry
- Red color in acute cases, pale in chronic cases
- Common causes include rupture of hepatic abscesses into the vena cava in cattle, vegetative endocarditis (right side of the heart), jugular thrombosis, and embolic foreign body (hair, septic emboli, etc.)
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Description
This quiz explores pulmonary congestion, focusing on its causes, histological features, and implications. Additionally, it covers conditions like ruptured pulmonary aneurysms and atelectasis, providing a comprehensive overview of these critical respiratory issues.
