Pulmonary Congestion and Related Conditions

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Match the following conditions with their characteristics:

Pulmonary Congestion = Passive accumulation of blood in pulmonary vessels and capillaries Atelectasis = Collapse of previously inflated alveoli Pulmonary Emphysema = Overinflation of alveoli with destruction of walls Ruptured Pulmonary Aneurism = Erosion of major pulmonary vessel by a large abscess

Match the histological findings with their corresponding conditions:

Heart Failure Cells = Macrophages filled with hemosiderin seen in pulmonary congestion Congested Capillaries = Presence of erythrocytes escaping into the alveolar space Alveolar Edema = Fluid accumulation in the alveoli during congestion Hemorrhages = Intra-alveolar bleeding associated with pulmonary congestion

Match the types of pulmonary atelectasis with their causes:

Acquired Atelectasis = Loss of air content in previously inflated alveoli Pulmonary Compression = Can be caused by hydrothorax or traumatic pericarditis Complete Airway Obstruction = May lead to lung collapse Acute Obstructive Pulmonary Disease = Not a direct cause of atelectasis but related

Match the gross morphological findings with the specific pulmonary conditions:

Meaty Appearance of Lung = Characteristic of pulmonary atelectasis Diffuse Red Discoloration = Typical in pulmonary congestion Enlargement of Alveolar Walls = Observed in pulmonary emphysema Depressed Lung in Relation to Normal = Seen in atelectasis Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of pneumonia with its distribution and texture:

Suppurative Bronchopneumonia = Cranioventral, Firm Interstitial Pneumonia = Diffuse, Elastic Granulomatous Pneumonia = Multifocal, Nodular Embolic Pneumonia = Multifocal, Nodular Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of pneumonia with its common etiologies:

Fibrinous Bronchopneumonia = Highly pathogenic bacteria, Harsh aspirated materials Granulomatous Pneumonia = Mycobacterium spp, Systemic mycoses Suppurative Bronchopneumonia = Bacteria, Mycoplasma, Aspiration Embolic Pneumonia = Rupture of hepatic abscesses, Jugular thrombosis Signup and view all the answers

Match the pneumonia type with its characteristic color change:

Fibrinous Bronchopneumonia = Red → yellow → grey Suppurative Bronchopneumonia = Red (acute) to grey (chronic) Embolic Pneumonia = Red when acute, pale when chronic Granulomatous Pneumonia = No specific color change Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of pneumonia with its port of entry:

Suppurative Bronchopneumonia = Aerogenous Granulomatous Pneumonia = Aerogenous or Hematogenous Embolic Pneumonia = Hematogenous Interstitial Pneumonia = Aerogenous or Hematogenous Signup and view all the answers

Match the pneumonia type with its cut surface characteristics:

Fibrinous Bronchopneumonia = Fibrin / necrosis Suppurative Bronchopneumonia = Purulent exudate in bronchi Granulomatous Pneumonia = Granulomas Interstitial Pneumonia = Meaty Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pulmonary Congestion

Characterized by the passive accumulation of blood in pulmonary vessels and capillaries
Often a consequence of left-sided heart failure
Grossly:
- Pulmonary lobes exhibit a diffuse red discoloration
- Cranial margins typically appear thin and white
- Lung edema is evident
Histology:
- Heart failure cells are present within the alveoli, characterized by alveolar macrophages filled with hemosiderin
- These cells are identifiable using a Prussian-blue stain
- Congested capillaries leak fluid and red blood cells (RBCs) into the alveolar space, leading to edema and intra-alveolar hemorrhages
- RBC lysis releases hemosiderin, which is phagocytized by alveolar macrophages, forming "heart failure cells"

Ruptured Pulmonary Aneurysm

Occurs when a large abscess erodes a major pulmonary vessel

Abnormalites of Inflation

Collapsed (Atelectasis):
- Acquired Atelectasis:
  - Occurs when previously inflated alveoli lose their air content
  - Causes:
    - Complete airway obstruction
    - Pulmonary compression, which can be caused by:
      - Tympany
      - Hydrothorax
      - Traumatic pericarditis
- Grossly:
  - Lung exhibits a meaty appearance, appearing firm and red
  - Affected area appears depressed compared to adjacent normal tissue
Overinflated (Emphysema):
- Characterized by the overinflation of alveoli with air and destruction of alveolar walls
- Causes:
  - Incomplete obstruction of bronchi or bronchioles, which can be caused by foreign body or exudate
  - This obstruction interferes with expiration
- Alveolar Emphysema:
  - Characterized by the enlargement and rupture of alveolar walls

Suppurative Bronchopneumonia

Affects the cranioventral portion of the lungs
Firm texture
Red color for acute cases, grey for chronic cases
Purulent exudate present in the bronchi
Aerogenous port of entry
Common causes include bacteria (low pathogenicity), Mycoplasma, and aspiration of bland material
Cranioventral abscesses and bronchiectasis are the most common sequelae

Fibrinous Bronchopneumonia

Affects the cranioventral portion of the lungs
Hard texture
Red color initially, transitioning to yellow and then grey
Fibrin present on the pleural surface
Fibrin and necrosis observed on the cut surface
Aerogenous port of entry
Common causes include highly pathogenic bacteria (exotoxins) such as Mannhemia haemolytica and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, as well as aspiration of harsh materials

Interstitial Pneumonia

Diffuse distribution throughout the lungs
Elastic texture
Meaty appearance on the cut surface
Rib imprints present
Lungs fail to collapse when the thorax is opened
Aerogenous or hematogenous port of entry
Common causes include viruses, toxins, type III hypersensitivity, and toxicants
Injury primarily affects the alveolar wall (endothelium or pneumocytes)
Thickening of alveolar walls is a key histological feature
Often difficult to diagnose grossly

Granulomatous Pneumonia

Multifocal distribution in the lungs
Nodular texture (no pus)
Granulomas present on the cut surface
Aerogenous or hematogenous port of entry
Common causes include Mycobacterium spp, systemic mycoses, parasitic ova, trapped food particles (starch), and dead parasites

Embolic Pneumonia

Multifocal distribution throughout the lungs
Nodular texture
Hematogenous port of entry
Red color in acute cases, pale in chronic cases
Common causes include rupture of hepatic abscesses into the vena cava in cattle, vegetative endocarditis (right side of the heart), jugular thrombosis, and embolic foreign body (hair, septic emboli, etc.)

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz explores pulmonary congestion, focusing on its causes, histological features, and implications. Additionally, it covers conditions like ruptured pulmonary aneurysms and atelectasis, providing a comprehensive overview of these critical respiratory issues.