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Questions and Answers
According to Adler's approach, what motivates people?
According to Adler's approach, what motivates people?
How does Freud view the role of past experiences in shaping present behavior?
How does Freud view the role of past experiences in shaping present behavior?
What is the major question associated with the basic virtue of Wisdom?
What is the major question associated with the basic virtue of Wisdom?
Which theorist emphasized the importance of birth order in shaping personality?
Which theorist emphasized the importance of birth order in shaping personality?
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How do first-born children typically behave according to Adler's theory?
How do first-born children typically behave according to Adler's theory?
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What does Freud suggest motivates human behavior?
What does Freud suggest motivates human behavior?
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According to Adler, who is largely responsible for shaping their own personality?
According to Adler, who is largely responsible for shaping their own personality?
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"Individual Psychology" is associated with which psychologist?
"Individual Psychology" is associated with which psychologist?
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What does Adler emphasize as shaping present behavior?
What does Adler emphasize as shaping present behavior?
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How does Adler differ from Freud in terms of motivation?
How does Adler differ from Freud in terms of motivation?
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Study Notes
Psychosocial Stages of Development
- Trust vs. Mistrust: The first stage of development, occurring from 0-18 months, where infants develop a sense of trust when caregivers respond to their needs.
- Important event: Feeding, which shapes the infant's perception of the world.
- Basic virtue: Hope, which is the foundation of trust.
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
- Occurs from 18 months to 2-3 years, where children begin to assert their independence.
- Important tasks: Picking out clothes, choosing toys, developing food preferences, and mastering toilet training.
- Basic virtue: Autonomy, which is essential for self-expression.
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
- Occurs from 4-6 years, where children take on more responsibilities and initiate activities.
- Important task: Developing a sense of purpose and taking on responsibilities.
- Basic virtue: Purpose, which is the foundation of initiative.
Plato's Theory of the Cave
- The cave represents people who believe that knowledge comes from empirical evidence.
- The cave shows that believers of empirical knowledge are trapped in a 'cave' of misunderstanding.
- The body is the prisoner of the soul.
Aristotle's Philosophy
- Man is a "rational animal" with a unique potential for rational thought.
- Body and soul are not separate entities but are complementary.
- The pursuit of happiness is a search for a good life that includes virtuous actions.
Self-Development
- The self is composed of "I" and "Me."
- Functional words variations: my, mine, myself, etc.
- Stages of self-development:
- Preparatory stage (0-3 years): There is no self yet.
- Play stage (3-5 years): Self is developing.
- Game stage: Self is now present.
The Looking Glass Self
- The self-image is shaped by how we imagine ourselves appearing to others and interpreting their reactions.
- It's like looking at ourselves in a mirror, except the reflection is distorted by our perceived judgments and evaluations from others.
Relevant Issues on Self
- Issue No.1: Nature vs. Nurture
- Nature: Genetics determine our behavior or self, serving as a blueprint of our self.
- Nurture: Influence of one's social environment, including micro and macro levels of social life.
- Eclectic point: Self is both a product of nature and nurture.
Psychosocial Stages of Development (continued)
- Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (7-12 years)
- Major question: "How can I be good or bad?"
- Basic virtue: Competence
- Important event: School
- Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 or 19 years)
- Major question: "Who am I?"
- Basic virtue: Fidelity
- Important event: Social relationships
- Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-34 years)
- Major question: "Will I be loved or will I be alone?"
- Basic virtue: Love
- Important event: Romantic relationship
- Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (35-65 years)
- Major question: "How can I contribute to the world?"
- Basic virtue: Care
- Important event: Parenthood and work
- Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (65+ years)
- Major question: "Did I live a meaningful life?"
- Basic virtue: Wisdom
- Important event: Reflecting back on life
Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology
- Adler's approach stresses understanding the whole person.
- Differences between Adler and Freud:
- Adler: People motivated by social influence and striving for superiority or success.
- Freud: People motivated by sex and aggression.
- Adler: People are largely responsible for who they are.
- Freud: People have little or no choice in shaping their personality.
- Adler: Present behavior is shaped by people's view of the future.
- Freud: Present behavior is caused by past experience.
Adler's Emphasis on Birth Order
- Oldest child: Begins life as the center of attention and typically learns to take the "newcomers" in stride.
- Second child of only two: Will typically pursue an opposite position than the first child.
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Description
This quiz focuses on Psychosocial Stage 1 of development according to Erik Erikson's theory, where infants learn to trust or mistrust the world based on their caregivers' reliability. It covers important events, basic virtues, and key characteristics of this stage.
