Psychosocial Development Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust

Psychosocial Stages of Development

• Trust vs. Mistrust: The first stage of development, occurring from 0-18 months, where infants develop a sense of trust when caregivers respond to their needs.
• Important event: Feeding, which shapes the infant's perception of the world.
• Basic virtue: Hope, which is the foundation of trust.

Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

• Occurs from 18 months to 2-3 years, where children begin to assert their independence.
• Important tasks: Picking out clothes, choosing toys, developing food preferences, and mastering toilet training.
• Basic virtue: Autonomy, which is essential for self-expression.

Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt

• Occurs from 4-6 years, where children take on more responsibilities and initiate activities.
• Important task: Developing a sense of purpose and taking on responsibilities.
• Basic virtue: Purpose, which is the foundation of initiative.

Plato's Theory of the Cave

• The cave represents people who believe that knowledge comes from empirical evidence.
• The cave shows that believers of empirical knowledge are trapped in a 'cave' of misunderstanding.
• The body is the prisoner of the soul.

Aristotle's Philosophy

• Man is a "rational animal" with a unique potential for rational thought.
• Body and soul are not separate entities but are complementary.
• The pursuit of happiness is a search for a good life that includes virtuous actions.

Self-Development

• The self is composed of "I" and "Me."
• Functional words variations: my, mine, myself, etc.
• Stages of self-development:
  • Preparatory stage (0-3 years): There is no self yet.
  • Play stage (3-5 years): Self is developing.
  • Game stage: Self is now present.

The Looking Glass Self

• The self-image is shaped by how we imagine ourselves appearing to others and interpreting their reactions.
• It's like looking at ourselves in a mirror, except the reflection is distorted by our perceived judgments and evaluations from others.

Relevant Issues on Self

• Issue No.1: Nature vs. Nurture
  • Nature: Genetics determine our behavior or self, serving as a blueprint of our self.
  • Nurture: Influence of one's social environment, including micro and macro levels of social life.
• Eclectic point: Self is both a product of nature and nurture.

Psychosocial Stages of Development (continued)

• Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (7-12 years)
  • Major question: "How can I be good or bad?"
  • Basic virtue: Competence
  • Important event: School
• Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 or 19 years)
  • Major question: "Who am I?"
  • Basic virtue: Fidelity
  • Important event: Social relationships
• Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-34 years)
  • Major question: "Will I be loved or will I be alone?"
  • Basic virtue: Love
  • Important event: Romantic relationship
• Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (35-65 years)
  • Major question: "How can I contribute to the world?"
  • Basic virtue: Care
  • Important event: Parenthood and work
• Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (65+ years)
  • Major question: "Did I live a meaningful life?"
  • Basic virtue: Wisdom
  • Important event: Reflecting back on life

Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology

• Adler's approach stresses understanding the whole person.
• Differences between Adler and Freud:
  • Adler: People motivated by social influence and striving for superiority or success.
  • Freud: People motivated by sex and aggression.
  • Adler: People are largely responsible for who they are.
  • Freud: People have little or no choice in shaping their personality.
  • Adler: Present behavior is shaped by people's view of the future.
  • Freud: Present behavior is caused by past experience.

Adler's Emphasis on Birth Order

• Oldest child: Begins life as the center of attention and typically learns to take the "newcomers" in stride.
• Second child of only two: Will typically pursue an opposite position than the first child.