Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
In Pavlov's experiment measuring a dog salivating to the sound of a bell, what was the unconditioned stimulus?
Meat powder
What type of learning occurred when Samuel was bitten by a dog as a child?
Classically conditioned fear
What is the process called when Little Albert came to fear anything white and fuzzy after being conditioned to be afraid of a white rat?
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If Pavlov continued to ring the bell and never gave the dog the meat powder, what process would be at work?
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What would be the first step in shaping a dog's behavior to ring a bell?
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Which of the following is an example of a reinforcement contingency?
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What is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
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The rewarding properties of a slot machine are due to what schedule of reinforcement?
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What type of operant conditioning is acting on a parent who buys a child candy to stop their crying?
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What could explain Edward's sudden change in his ability to eat pizza after getting sick?
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Why is someone more likely to develop a phobia of snakes than a phobia of a curling iron even though both can hurt them?
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Which of the following is an example of latent learning?
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What example illustrates noncontingent reinforcement?
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A rat learns to find the location of a hidden platform to escape a pool of water using visual cues. What has likely occurred?
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Which of Bandura's four steps would have to occur first in observational learning?
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What type of learning is happening for Sam when she watches others on a basketball court and then practices her dunk?
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How did Bandura demonstrate that children learn aggressive behavior?
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What process explains the dog's behavior of picking up the remote after Jo praised it?
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What type of conditioning would be used by a parent who spanks their child?
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Which process involves the initial formation of a memory code?
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What was the primary reason Anna had trouble remembering her last history class?
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What level of processing includes rhyming a word with another word?
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What memory encoding technique is Brandy using when she connects names for brain areas with pictures?
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What type of memory is the shortest, lasting between a fraction of a second and several seconds?
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What is a similarity between traditional models of short-term memory and the working memory model?
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What is the ideal memory storage system for Daniel to store information for his exam?
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What are characteristics of flashbulb memories?
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What memory concept is illustrated by a diagram with the word 'orange' surrounded by connecting words?
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Mary cannot seem to come up with the correct word she knows after a few minutes. What best describes her situation?
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Which component is part of the misinformation effect?
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A short-answer question on an exam is considered which type of learning measure?
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What theory provides the best explanation for Shawn's inability to remember a psychologist's name in class but later recall it in a study group?
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Which factor does not support skepticism regarding repressed or recovered memories?
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What condition did patient H.M. suffer from?
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Why is the case of H.M. important to understanding memory physiology?
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What recently discovered process in the hippocampus may contribute to formation of neural circuits that are theorized to be the foundation for memory?
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What memory system houses memory of how to drive a car?
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Knowing how many doughnuts are in a dozen is an example of what type of memory?
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How would Aric's attempt to remember who won the World Series categorize his memory task?
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Which theory of language development explains language acquisition in children as innate?
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Which process is negatively impacted by bilingualism?
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Which example supports the idea of a universal foundation for human cognition in terms of language?
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What is an example of a problem of arrangement?
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What barrier to effective problem-solving interfered with Marnie during her second attempt at the water jar problem?
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Which heuristic for problem-solving relies on previous experience?
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How does the incubation effect enhance problem-solving?
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What is Paul experiencing when overwhelmed by too many cell phone options?
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What heuristic is Monique using when she guesses that most people use social media based on her own social circle?
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What caused the student to mistake Dr. Jones for a fellow student?
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What is the main difference between the scores of the Binet-Simon test and the Stanford-Binet test?
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With a deviation IQ score of 115, what does this score mean for Donald?
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Which intelligence theorist distinguished between testing verbal and non-verbal ability?
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What is the correct calculation of Enrique's IQ using the original Terman formula, given a mental age of 20 at age 15?
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Which evidence supports theories that intelligence results from genetic factors?
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What theory explains how heredity and environment interact to influence intelligence?
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What method has provided the best evidence that genetics play a role in IQ?
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Which part of Sternberg's three types of intelligences helps solve novel problems?
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Which of Gardner's eight intelligences involves handling objects skillfully?
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Which evidence does not support a link between IQ and mortality?
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning involves associating an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus resulting in a reflexive response.
- Example: A student jumps up when a bell rings, showing a learned response to the stimulus.
- Pavlov's experiment: Meat powder served as the unconditioned stimulus, eliciting salivation in dogs.
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning involves modifying behavior through reinforcement or punishment.
- Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed by a rewarding stimulus, such as a dog being rewarded for ringing a bell.
- Negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to reinforce a behavior, exemplified by a parent buying candy to stop a child's crying.
- Positive punishment involves adding an unpleasant consequence to reduce a behavior, like spanking.
Learning Concepts
- Generalization occurs when a conditioned response spreads to similar stimuli, as seen when Little Albert fears all white fuzzy objects.
- Extinction happens when a conditioned response diminishes after the stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
Memory and Encoding
- Sensory memory lasts a fraction of a second to several seconds, holding immediate sensory information.
- Encoding is the initial formation of memory codes, influenced by attention and processing levels (e.g., intermediate processing uses rhyming).
- Techniques like visual imagery enhance memory retention by associating concepts with images.
Memory Types and Processes
- Long-term memory is vital for retaining information for extensive periods, while working memory retains limited information temporarily.
- Semantic memory involves factual knowledge, like the number of items in a dozen, contrasting with nondeclarative memory which pertains to skills, like driving.
- The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon describes moments when retrieval of information feels just out of reach.
Theories of Intelligence
- Theories of intelligence consider both genetic and environmental influences, with twin studies providing strong evidence for a genetic component.
- Gardner's theory identifies eight intelligences, with the Body-Kinesthetic intelligence highlighting skillful manipulation of objects.
- Sternberg's theory comprises analytical, creative, and practical intelligences, with creative intelligence essential for solving novel problems.
Heuristics and Problem Solving
- Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that simplify decision-making, such as the availability heuristic, judgment based on easily recalled examples.
- Mental set can hinder problem-solving by causing reliance on previously established solutions, despite their ineffectiveness.
Language Development
- Nativist theory posits that language acquisition is innate rather than learned through imitation, underscoring biological tendencies in cognitive development.
Miscellaneous Concepts
- Conditioned taste aversion describes aversion developed after a negative experience with food, leading to avoidance.
- Biological preparedness explains the predisposition to develop phobias towards specific stimuli, like snakes over inanimate objects.
- The misrepresentation effect can distort memories through reconstructions influenced by misleading information.
Additional Notes
- Ebbinghaus's work on forgetting curves reveals the dynamics of memory retention and recall over time.
- The impact of bilingualism includes potential effects on cognitive processing speed and language abilities.
These concise notes encapsulate various psychology learning concepts, focusing on operant and classical conditioning, memory encoding, intelligence theories, and cognitive processes.
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Test your knowledge of classical conditioning with these flashcards from Psychology Unit 3. Each card presents key concepts and examples, helping you understand the mechanisms behind learned behaviors. Perfect for exam preparation or review!