Psychology Unit 3 Test Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?

A dog learning to shake hands

A student reflexively jumping up to leave the room when they hear a bell ring in class (correct)

A cat responding to a can opener

A child learning to tie their shoes

In Pavlov's experiment measuring a dog salivating to the sound of a bell, what was the unconditioned stimulus?

Meat powder

What type of learning occurred when Samuel was bitten by a dog as a child?

Classically conditioned fear

What is the process called when Little Albert came to fear anything white and fuzzy after being conditioned to be afraid of a white rat?

Generalization Signup and view all the answers

If Pavlov continued to ring the bell and never gave the dog the meat powder, what process would be at work?

Extinction Signup and view all the answers

What would be the first step in shaping a dog's behavior to ring a bell?

Reward the dog whenever it went near the bell Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a reinforcement contingency?

A rat receiving a sugar pellet if they press the lever in a Skinner Box when the light in the box is on Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

Money Signup and view all the answers

The rewarding properties of a slot machine are due to what schedule of reinforcement?

Variable ratio Signup and view all the answers

What type of operant conditioning is acting on a parent who buys a child candy to stop their crying?

Negative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What could explain Edward's sudden change in his ability to eat pizza after getting sick?

Conditioned taste aversion Signup and view all the answers

Why is someone more likely to develop a phobia of snakes than a phobia of a curling iron even though both can hurt them?

Biological preparedness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

A rat who performed poorly on a maze when they were not reinforced suddenly improves when a food reward is offered Signup and view all the answers

What example illustrates noncontingent reinforcement?

A baseball player who always wears the same pair of 'lucky' socks because he believes they help him win Signup and view all the answers

A rat learns to find the location of a hidden platform to escape a pool of water using visual cues. What has likely occurred?

Formed a cognitive map Signup and view all the answers

Which of Bandura's four steps would have to occur first in observational learning?

Attention Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning is happening for Sam when she watches others on a basketball court and then practices her dunk?

Observational learning Signup and view all the answers

How did Bandura demonstrate that children learn aggressive behavior?

He had children watch a model punch a blow-up toy clown Signup and view all the answers

What process explains the dog's behavior of picking up the remote after Jo praised it?

Positive reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What type of conditioning would be used by a parent who spanks their child?

Positive punishment Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the initial formation of a memory code?

Encoding Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason Anna had trouble remembering her last history class?

Attention Signup and view all the answers

What level of processing includes rhyming a word with another word?

Intermediate processing Signup and view all the answers

What memory encoding technique is Brandy using when she connects names for brain areas with pictures?

Visual imagery Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is the shortest, lasting between a fraction of a second and several seconds?

Sensory memory Signup and view all the answers

What is a similarity between traditional models of short-term memory and the working memory model?

Both models indicate that storage capacity for short-term memory is limited Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal memory storage system for Daniel to store information for his exam?

Long-term memory Signup and view all the answers

What are characteristics of flashbulb memories?

They are formed by significant unusual events that are often emotional. Signup and view all the answers

What memory concept is illustrated by a diagram with the word 'orange' surrounded by connecting words?

Semantic network Signup and view all the answers

Mary cannot seem to come up with the correct word she knows after a few minutes. What best describes her situation?

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon Signup and view all the answers

Which component is part of the misinformation effect?

Reconstructive distortion Signup and view all the answers

A short-answer question on an exam is considered which type of learning measure?

Recall Signup and view all the answers

What theory provides the best explanation for Shawn's inability to remember a psychologist's name in class but later recall it in a study group?

Retrieval failure theory Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not support skepticism regarding repressed or recovered memories?

Motivated forgetting Signup and view all the answers

What condition did patient H.M. suffer from?

Anterograde amnesia Signup and view all the answers

Why is the case of H.M. important to understanding memory physiology?

It demonstrated the importance of the hippocampal region in long-term memory. Signup and view all the answers

What recently discovered process in the hippocampus may contribute to formation of neural circuits that are theorized to be the foundation for memory?

Neurogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What memory system houses memory of how to drive a car?

Nondeclarative memory system Signup and view all the answers

Knowing how many doughnuts are in a dozen is an example of what type of memory?

Semantic Signup and view all the answers

How would Aric's attempt to remember who won the World Series categorize his memory task?

Retrospective memory Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of language development explains language acquisition in children as innate?

Nativist theory Signup and view all the answers

Which process is negatively impacted by bilingualism?

Processing speed Signup and view all the answers

Which example supports the idea of a universal foundation for human cognition in terms of language?

All languages have a similar number of words for basic emotions Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a problem of arrangement?

String problem Signup and view all the answers

What barrier to effective problem-solving interfered with Marnie during her second attempt at the water jar problem?

Mental set Signup and view all the answers

Which heuristic for problem-solving relies on previous experience?

Searching for an analogy Signup and view all the answers

How does the incubation effect enhance problem-solving?

By allowing the unconscious mind to work on a solution to a problem Signup and view all the answers

What is Paul experiencing when overwhelmed by too many cell phone options?

Choice overload Signup and view all the answers

What heuristic is Monique using when she guesses that most people use social media based on her own social circle?

Availability heuristic Signup and view all the answers

What caused the student to mistake Dr. Jones for a fellow student?

Using the representativeness heuristic Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the scores of the Binet-Simon test and the Stanford-Binet test?

The Stanford-Binet used a different scoring method than the Binet-Simon Signup and view all the answers

With a deviation IQ score of 115, what does this score mean for Donald?

Donald's IQ is higher than average compared to other people his age. Signup and view all the answers

Which intelligence theorist distinguished between testing verbal and non-verbal ability?

Wechsler Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct calculation of Enrique's IQ using the original Terman formula, given a mental age of 20 at age 15?

20 years/15 years x 100 = 133 Signup and view all the answers

Which evidence supports theories that intelligence results from genetic factors?

Twins reared in different homes have the same IQ Signup and view all the answers

What theory explains how heredity and environment interact to influence intelligence?

Reaction range Signup and view all the answers

What method has provided the best evidence that genetics play a role in IQ?

Twin studies Signup and view all the answers

Which part of Sternberg's three types of intelligences helps solve novel problems?

Creative Signup and view all the answers

Which of Gardner's eight intelligences involves handling objects skillfully?

Body-Kinesthetic Signup and view all the answers

Which evidence does not support a link between IQ and mortality?

People with a larger brain have a higher IQ Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning involves associating an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus resulting in a reflexive response.
Example: A student jumps up when a bell rings, showing a learned response to the stimulus.
Pavlov's experiment: Meat powder served as the unconditioned stimulus, eliciting salivation in dogs.

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning involves modifying behavior through reinforcement or punishment.
Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed by a rewarding stimulus, such as a dog being rewarded for ringing a bell.
Negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to reinforce a behavior, exemplified by a parent buying candy to stop a child's crying.
Positive punishment involves adding an unpleasant consequence to reduce a behavior, like spanking.

Learning Concepts

Generalization occurs when a conditioned response spreads to similar stimuli, as seen when Little Albert fears all white fuzzy objects.
Extinction happens when a conditioned response diminishes after the stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Memory and Encoding

Sensory memory lasts a fraction of a second to several seconds, holding immediate sensory information.
Encoding is the initial formation of memory codes, influenced by attention and processing levels (e.g., intermediate processing uses rhyming).
Techniques like visual imagery enhance memory retention by associating concepts with images.

Memory Types and Processes

Long-term memory is vital for retaining information for extensive periods, while working memory retains limited information temporarily.
Semantic memory involves factual knowledge, like the number of items in a dozen, contrasting with nondeclarative memory which pertains to skills, like driving.
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon describes moments when retrieval of information feels just out of reach.

Theories of Intelligence

Theories of intelligence consider both genetic and environmental influences, with twin studies providing strong evidence for a genetic component.
Gardner's theory identifies eight intelligences, with the Body-Kinesthetic intelligence highlighting skillful manipulation of objects.
Sternberg's theory comprises analytical, creative, and practical intelligences, with creative intelligence essential for solving novel problems.

Heuristics and Problem Solving

Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that simplify decision-making, such as the availability heuristic, judgment based on easily recalled examples.
Mental set can hinder problem-solving by causing reliance on previously established solutions, despite their ineffectiveness.

Language Development

Nativist theory posits that language acquisition is innate rather than learned through imitation, underscoring biological tendencies in cognitive development.

Miscellaneous Concepts

Conditioned taste aversion describes aversion developed after a negative experience with food, leading to avoidance.
Biological preparedness explains the predisposition to develop phobias towards specific stimuli, like snakes over inanimate objects.
The misrepresentation effect can distort memories through reconstructions influenced by misleading information.

Additional Notes

Ebbinghaus's work on forgetting curves reveals the dynamics of memory retention and recall over time.
The impact of bilingualism includes potential effects on cognitive processing speed and language abilities.

These concise notes encapsulate various psychology learning concepts, focusing on operant and classical conditioning, memory encoding, intelligence theories, and cognitive processes.

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Test your knowledge of classical conditioning with these flashcards from Psychology Unit 3. Each card presents key concepts and examples, helping you understand the mechanisms behind learned behaviors. Perfect for exam preparation or review!