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Questions and Answers
What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
- A response that occurs due to an unconditioned stimulus
- A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response after pairing (correct)
- A stimulus that is always harmful to the organism
- A stimulus that naturally elicits a response
What does acquisition refer to in classical conditioning?
What does acquisition refer to in classical conditioning?
- The fading of a conditioned response
- The initial learning connection between the CS and US (correct)
- The random pairing of stimuli
- The process of differentiating between stimuli
Which of the following best describes generalization in classical conditioning?
Which of the following best describes generalization in classical conditioning?
- Responding only to the original conditioned stimulus
- The tendency to respond similarly to new stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus (correct)
- Learning to ignore new stimuli
- The process of unlearning a conditioned response
What is meant by extinction in classical conditioning?
What is meant by extinction in classical conditioning?
What is the role of contiguity in classical conditioning?
What is the role of contiguity in classical conditioning?
What does it mean when spontaneous recovery occurs?
What does it mean when spontaneous recovery occurs?
Which statement is true regarding discrimination in classical conditioning?
Which statement is true regarding discrimination in classical conditioning?
What represents the unconditioned stimulus (US) in Pavlov's experiment?
What represents the unconditioned stimulus (US) in Pavlov's experiment?
What is the definition of learning as described in the content?
What is the definition of learning as described in the content?
Which learning theory focuses solely on observable behaviors?
Which learning theory focuses solely on observable behaviors?
In classical conditioning, what role does the unconditioned stimulus (US) play?
In classical conditioning, what role does the unconditioned stimulus (US) play?
What is the process of associating two events in learning called?
What is the process of associating two events in learning called?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies operant conditioning?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies operant conditioning?
What is observational learning?
What is observational learning?
Which of the following pairs is correctly matched with the type of conditioning?
Which of the following pairs is correctly matched with the type of conditioning?
What does the term 'unconditioned response' (UR) refer to?
What does the term 'unconditioned response' (UR) refer to?
What is the role of a placebo in a treatment context?
What is the role of a placebo in a treatment context?
What is immunosuppression as discussed in the context of classical conditioning?
What is immunosuppression as discussed in the context of classical conditioning?
What does taste aversion illustrate in classical conditioning?
What does taste aversion illustrate in classical conditioning?
What is drug habituation in the context of classical conditioning?
What is drug habituation in the context of classical conditioning?
Why might drug overdoses occur in a new environment?
Why might drug overdoses occur in a new environment?
What does classical conditioning primarily explain?
What does classical conditioning primarily explain?
How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?
How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?
What is one outcome of repeated presentations of a stimulus in habituation?
What is one outcome of repeated presentations of a stimulus in habituation?
What is the primary feature of operant conditioning?
What is the primary feature of operant conditioning?
According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, what happens to behaviors followed by positive outcomes?
According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, what happens to behaviors followed by positive outcomes?
In the context of operant conditioning, what does the term 'contingency' refer to?
In the context of operant conditioning, what does the term 'contingency' refer to?
Which of the following methods was utilized by B.F. Skinner in his experiments?
Which of the following methods was utilized by B.F. Skinner in his experiments?
What was the primary purpose of Skinner's pigeon-guided missile project?
What was the primary purpose of Skinner's pigeon-guided missile project?
What outcome describes the learning curve observed in Thorndike's experiments with cats?
What outcome describes the learning curve observed in Thorndike's experiments with cats?
What did Thorndike use to demonstrate the Law of Effect?
What did Thorndike use to demonstrate the Law of Effect?
What aspect of behavior does operant conditioning focus on changing?
What aspect of behavior does operant conditioning focus on changing?
What is the definition of positive punishment?
What is the definition of positive punishment?
What is an example of negative punishment?
What is an example of negative punishment?
How does positive reinforcement affect behavior?
How does positive reinforcement affect behavior?
What best describes the concept of delay of gratification?
What best describes the concept of delay of gratification?
What effect does negative reinforcement have on behavior?
What effect does negative reinforcement have on behavior?
Which scenario illustrates positive punishment?
Which scenario illustrates positive punishment?
Which of the following statements is true regarding reinforcement and punishment?
Which of the following statements is true regarding reinforcement and punishment?
Which scenario best exemplifies the concept of immediate reinforcement?
Which scenario best exemplifies the concept of immediate reinforcement?
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Study Notes
Learning
- Learning is a change in behavior rooted in experience.
- Behaviorism: A theory focusing solely on observable behaviors.
- Associative learning: Linking two events.
- Observational learning: Learning through observing and imitating.
Classical Conditioning
- A neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus, eliciting a similar response.
- Pavlov’s dogs salivated in response to stimuli associated with food.
Pavlov’s Studies
- Unconditioned stimulus (US): Creates a response without prior learning.
- Unconditioned response (UR): An instinctive reaction to the US.
- Conditioned stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus elicits a conditioned response after pairing with the US.
- Conditioned response (CR): The learned reaction to the CS.
Classical Conditioning: Acquisition
- Acquisition: Learning the initial connection between the US and CS.
- Contiguity: CS and US are presented closely in time.
- Contingency: CS reliably indicates the upcoming US.
Classical Conditioning: Generalization and Discrimination
- Generalization: Responding to similar stimuli as the original CS.
- Discrimination: Learning to respond only to specific stimuli.
Classical Conditioning: Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
- Extinction: Weakening of the CR when the US is absent.
- Spontaneous recovery: Reappearing of the CR after a delay, without further conditioning.
Classical Conditioning in Humans
- Placebo effect: A substance or procedure simulating a treatment to identify its effects.
- Classical conditioning plays a role in immunosuppression, taste aversion, and drug habituation.
- Habituation: Reduced responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated exposure.
Operant Conditioning
- Explaining involuntary responses through consequences.
- Voluntary behaviors are best explained through operant conditioning.
- Also known as instrumental conditioning.
- Contingency is crucial: Consequence is dependent on the behavior (e.g., pushing a lever for food).
Thorndike’s Law Of Effect
- Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, while those followed by negative outcomes are weakened.
Skinner’s Approach to Operant Conditioning
- Studied animals to understand learning components.
- Trained pigeons to pilot missiles.
- Developed the Skinner box to study learning in rats.
Reinforcement: Punishment
- Decreasing the likelihood of a behavior.
- Positive punishment: Introducing a stimulus to decrease behavior frequency.
- Negative punishment: Removing a stimulus to decrease behavior frequency.
Reinforcement: Timing and the Consequences of Behavior
- Humans respond to immediate and delayed reinforcement and punishment.
- Delay of gratification: Postponing immediate pleasure for a greater future reward.
- Timing influences human reactions to punishing consequences.
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