Podcast
Questions and Answers
In Pavlov's experiments, what critical observation led him to investigate classical conditioning?
In Pavlov's experiments, what critical observation led him to investigate classical conditioning?
- Dogs only salivated when meat powder was used, showing a preference.
- Dogs salivated more when presented with a variety of food types.
- Dogs stopped salivating when the same food was presented repeatedly.
- Dogs began to salivate at the sight of the person bringing the food, before the food itself was presented. (correct)
Which of the following is the BEST example of a conditioned response (CR) in classical conditioning?
Which of the following is the BEST example of a conditioned response (CR) in classical conditioning?
- Blinking when air is puffed into your eye.
- Feeling anxious when hearing the sound of a dentist's drill. (correct)
- Sweating in response to hot weather.
- Shivering when exposed to cold temperatures.
Consider a scenario where a patient develops nausea after receiving chemotherapy treatments in a hospital room. According to classical conditioning principles, what is MOST likely to become the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
Consider a scenario where a patient develops nausea after receiving chemotherapy treatments in a hospital room. According to classical conditioning principles, what is MOST likely to become the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
- The hospital room itself. (correct)
- The act of receiving treatment.
- The chemotherapy drug.
- The feeling of nausea.
In the context of classical conditioning, why is the 'Little Albert' experiment considered ethically problematic?
In the context of classical conditioning, why is the 'Little Albert' experiment considered ethically problematic?
How does classical conditioning explain the development of phobias?
How does classical conditioning explain the development of phobias?
A researcher is trying to extinguish a classically conditioned response. What procedure would be MOST effective?
A researcher is trying to extinguish a classically conditioned response. What procedure would be MOST effective?
What is the key distinction between classical and operant conditioning?
What is the key distinction between classical and operant conditioning?
A patient who experienced a traumatic car accident now feels anxious when driving and avoids it whenever possible. How might a therapist use classical conditioning principles to help the patient overcome this anxiety?
A patient who experienced a traumatic car accident now feels anxious when driving and avoids it whenever possible. How might a therapist use classical conditioning principles to help the patient overcome this anxiety?
According to Skinner's theory, what is the primary difference between a reinforcer and a reward?
According to Skinner's theory, what is the primary difference between a reinforcer and a reward?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies negative reinforcement?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies negative reinforcement?
What is the key distinction between positive and negative punishment?
What is the key distinction between positive and negative punishment?
A child is consistently scolded for running into the street. Eventually, the child stops running into the street. What type of behaviour modification is this?
A child is consistently scolded for running into the street. Eventually, the child stops running into the street. What type of behaviour modification is this?
Why is positive reinforcement generally more effective than punishment in shaping behaviour?
Why is positive reinforcement generally more effective than punishment in shaping behaviour?
Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?
Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?
What makes a punisher 'primary' according to the principles outlined?
What makes a punisher 'primary' according to the principles outlined?
In what way do secondary punishers acquire their aversive properties?
In what way do secondary punishers acquire their aversive properties?
A teenager loses their driving privileges for repeatedly staying out past curfew. What type of operant conditioning is this?
A teenager loses their driving privileges for repeatedly staying out past curfew. What type of operant conditioning is this?
According to the principles, what is a potential negative outcome of using punishment regularly?
According to the principles, what is a potential negative outcome of using punishment regularly?
Why might a 'time-out' be ineffective as a form of negative punishment?
Why might a 'time-out' be ineffective as a form of negative punishment?
Taking a drug to avoid the negative symptoms of withdrawal is an example of what?
Taking a drug to avoid the negative symptoms of withdrawal is an example of what?
What can be inferred from the statement: 'a child may have to learn how to behave appropriately in a store'?
What can be inferred from the statement: 'a child may have to learn how to behave appropriately in a store'?
A researcher is designing an experiment using Skinner boxes. What is the MOST likely purpose of this setup?
A researcher is designing an experiment using Skinner boxes. What is the MOST likely purpose of this setup?
A clinician decides to provide tokens to patients every time they refrain from yelling. What type of behavior modification is this?
A clinician decides to provide tokens to patients every time they refrain from yelling. What type of behavior modification is this?
In the Little Albert experiment, what ethical concern was NOT explicitly mentioned in the provided text?
In the Little Albert experiment, what ethical concern was NOT explicitly mentioned in the provided text?
What is the critical difference between generalization and discrimination in classical conditioning?
What is the critical difference between generalization and discrimination in classical conditioning?
Systematic desensitization is a therapeutic technique used to treat phobias. What is the core principle behind systematic desensitization?
Systematic desensitization is a therapeutic technique used to treat phobias. What is the core principle behind systematic desensitization?
According to Shepard Siegel's research, why might an addict experience an overdose when taking their usual dose of a drug in a new environment?
According to Shepard Siegel's research, why might an addict experience an overdose when taking their usual dose of a drug in a new environment?
How does taste aversion conditioning differ from most other forms of classical conditioning?
How does taste aversion conditioning differ from most other forms of classical conditioning?
A cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy develops nausea in response to the smell of the hospital. What classical conditioning principle best describes this situation?
A cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy develops nausea in response to the smell of the hospital. What classical conditioning principle best describes this situation?
What critical factor, described by Rescorla, determines whether a conditioned stimulus (CS) will effectively predict an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
What critical factor, described by Rescorla, determines whether a conditioned stimulus (CS) will effectively predict an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
What was Thorndike's primary contribution to the study of learning?
What was Thorndike's primary contribution to the study of learning?
How did Thorndike's work with the puzzle box influence the field of psychology?
How did Thorndike's work with the puzzle box influence the field of psychology?
Who popularized operant conditioning and conducted systematic studies in the field?
Who popularized operant conditioning and conducted systematic studies in the field?
A dog is conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell. After a period of time where the bell is repeatedly presented without food, the dog stops salivating to the bell. However, after a week, the bell is presented again, and the dog salivates. What is this phenomenon called?
A dog is conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell. After a period of time where the bell is repeatedly presented without food, the dog stops salivating to the bell. However, after a week, the bell is presented again, and the dog salivates. What is this phenomenon called?
What is the main difference between systematic desensitization and flooding?
What is the main difference between systematic desensitization and flooding?
How might classical conditioning contribute to drug tolerance?
How might classical conditioning contribute to drug tolerance?
What principle of classical conditioning is being utilized when cancer patients receive relaxation training at the cancer center?
What principle of classical conditioning is being utilized when cancer patients receive relaxation training at the cancer center?
What is the Law of Effect?
What is the Law of Effect?
Which reinforcement schedule is most prone to quick extinction once the reinforcement stops?
Which reinforcement schedule is most prone to quick extinction once the reinforcement stops?
Avoidance behaviors associated with phobias are difficult to eliminate because they are often maintained by what type of reinforcement?
Avoidance behaviors associated with phobias are difficult to eliminate because they are often maintained by what type of reinforcement?
Which of the following real-world scenarios aligns best with a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
Which of the following real-world scenarios aligns best with a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
Why does a variable ratio schedule typically yield a high rate of response?
Why does a variable ratio schedule typically yield a high rate of response?
What is the key difference between interval and ratio schedules of reinforcement?
What is the key difference between interval and ratio schedules of reinforcement?
In the context of operant conditioning, what does 'shaping' primarily involve?
In the context of operant conditioning, what does 'shaping' primarily involve?
Skinner's experiment with raccoons and coins demonstrated that:
Skinner's experiment with raccoons and coins demonstrated that:
What is a token economy primarily designed to achieve in a psychiatric setting?
What is a token economy primarily designed to achieve in a psychiatric setting?
Why is individual behavioral modification considered more effective than token economies in contemporary psychiatric units for some patients?
Why is individual behavioral modification considered more effective than token economies in contemporary psychiatric units for some patients?
In the ABC model of stimulus control, what does 'B' stand for?
In the ABC model of stimulus control, what does 'B' stand for?
What is the significance of 'generalization' in the context of learned behaviors?
What is the significance of 'generalization' in the context of learned behaviors?
What is the core concept of 'learned helplessness' as demonstrated by Seligman's experiments?
What is the core concept of 'learned helplessness' as demonstrated by Seligman's experiments?
How might the concept of learned helplessness relate to battered spouse syndrome?
How might the concept of learned helplessness relate to battered spouse syndrome?
When training an animal to perform a complex behavior, why is it generally easier to start with behaviors already in their repertoire?
When training an animal to perform a complex behavior, why is it generally easier to start with behaviors already in their repertoire?
Which reinforcement schedule would be most effective for maintaining a consistent behavior over a long period with minimal risk of extinction?
Which reinforcement schedule would be most effective for maintaining a consistent behavior over a long period with minimal risk of extinction?
Flashcards
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an involuntary response.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response.
Involuntary Response
Involuntary Response
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Conditioned Response (CR)
Conditioned Response (CR)
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Pavlov's Experiment
Pavlov's Experiment
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Little Albert Experiment
Little Albert Experiment
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Emotional Responses in Conditioning
Emotional Responses in Conditioning
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Fear Conditioning
Fear Conditioning
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Extinction
Extinction
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Generalization
Generalization
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Discrimination Training
Discrimination Training
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Phobia
Phobia
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Systematic Desensitization
Systematic Desensitization
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Flooding
Flooding
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Taste Aversion
Taste Aversion
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Law of Effect
Law of Effect
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Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
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Instrumental Conditioning
Instrumental Conditioning
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Behaviorism
Behaviorism
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Compensatory Response
Compensatory Response
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Continuous Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement
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Intermittent Reinforcement
Intermittent Reinforcement
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Fixed Interval Schedule
Fixed Interval Schedule
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Variable Interval Schedule
Variable Interval Schedule
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Fixed Ratio Schedule
Fixed Ratio Schedule
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Variable Ratio Schedule
Variable Ratio Schedule
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Shaping
Shaping
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Token Economy
Token Economy
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Behavior Modification
Behavior Modification
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Learned Helplessness
Learned Helplessness
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Discrimination
Discrimination
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ABC Model of Behavior
ABC Model of Behavior
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Natural Reinforcers
Natural Reinforcers
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Specific Situations Control
Specific Situations Control
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Reinforcement
Reinforcement
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Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
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Negative Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
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Primary Reinforcer
Primary Reinforcer
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Secondary Reinforcer
Secondary Reinforcer
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Punishment
Punishment
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Positive Punishment
Positive Punishment
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Negative Punishment
Negative Punishment
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Skinner Box
Skinner Box
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Behavior Therapy
Behavior Therapy
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Association Learning
Association Learning
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Ethical Concerns in Punishment
Ethical Concerns in Punishment
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Long-term Effects of Punishment
Long-term Effects of Punishment
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Time-Out
Time-Out
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Behavior Suppression
Behavior Suppression
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Study Notes
Associative Learning: Classical Conditioning
- Definition: Classical conditioning describes how associations are made between neutral stimuli and stimuli that elicit involuntary responses.
- Involuntary responses: Variety of involuntary responses, including salivation, fear, and emotional reactions, can be classically conditioned.
- Pavlov's experiment: A physiologist studying digestion in dogs, Pavlov observed that dogs began salivating in response to the sight of food, and eventually, even the sight of the assistant who brought the food.
- Unconditioned stimulus (US): The meat powder that caused the dog to salivate.
- Unconditioned response (UR): The dog's salivation in response to the meat powder.
- Neutral stimulus (NS): The laboratory assistant, initially eliciting no response.
- Conditioned stimulus (CS): The laboratory assistant, after repeated pairings with the meat powder, becomes a conditioned stimulus eliciting salivation.
- Conditioned response (CR): The dog's salivation in response to the laboratory assistant.
Classical Conditioning Applications
- Widespread applicability: Classical conditioning is not limited to salivation but also includes learning emotional responses.
- Fear conditioning (Watson and Little Albert): A study presented a rat (CS) with a loud noise (US), creating a fear response (CR) in the child. While considered unethical now, it demonstrated fear conditioning is a real phenomenon.
- Generalization and discrimination: An organism can learn to respond to similar stimuli (generalization – fear of multiple furry objects) or only to specific stimuli (discrimination – fear of only white rats).
- Phobias and classical conditioning: Extreme, irrational fears are theorized to be developed through classical conditioning, though genetic predispositions also play a role.
- Systematic desensitization: A treatment for phobias involves gradual exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli and relaxation techniques.
- Flooding: A technique where a person is exposed to the phobic stimulus intensely, aiming for extinction.
- Drug dependency: Drug tolerance is classically conditioned. Siegel's research investigated how different environments, including the regular environment for drug use, can influence the dosage, which can lead to death.
- Taste aversion conditioning: Learning a dislike for a specific food or drink after a single, unpleasant experience. Taste aversions can be formed hours after ingestion, despite single exposures.
- Applications to chemotherapy patients: Conditioned nausea and vomiting responses to stimuli associated with the cancer center can complicate treatment and are counter-conditioned by relaxation training.
Operant Conditioning
- Thorndike's law of effect: Behaviors followed by satisfaction are more likely to be repeated.
- Instrumental conditioning: A form of learning where a response is instrumental in receiving a reward.
- Skinner's operant conditioning: Behaviors followed by favorable consequences are likely to be repeated, as seen in his work with animals in Skinner boxes.
- Reinforcement: Strengthening a behaviour. Positive involves giving something rewarding (e.g. food), negative involves removing something unpleasant (e.g. an annoying sound).
- Punishment: Weakening a behavior. Positive involves adding something unpleasant (e.g. a scolding), negative involves removing something pleasant (e.g. time-out).
- Types of reinforcers: Primary (meet basic needs), secondary (learned). Punishment can be primary (natural pain) or secondary (a learned punishment like disapproval)
- Shaping: Gradually increasing the requirements for a reward to create a complex behaviour.
- Token economies: Used in institutional settings to encourage desired behaviors with tokens that provide rewards.
General Principles of Conditioning
- Timing: The CS must ideally precede the US, as this creates the most effective association.
- Predictability: The CS must reliably predict the US.
- Number of pairings: Repeated pairings usually lead to stronger conditioned responses.
Learned Helplessness
- Definition: A phenomenon where exposure to uncontrollable negative stimuli leads to a lack of effort to escape future harmful events even when an escape route is available.
- Applications: Possible role in battered spouse syndrome, other situations of passivity.
Behaviour Modification (Operant Conditioning)
- Application to individual behavior: Tracking problem behaviors, identifying effective reinforcers, and shaping desired behaviors.
- Stimulus control: Behaviors learned in specific environments may not generalize to other settings.
- Continuous and intermittent reinforcement: Intermittent reinforcement is often more effective for maintaining behavior.
- Reinforcement schedules: Fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio, variable ratio effect different patterns of responding.
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Description
Explore classical conditioning, where associations form between stimuli and involuntary responses. Pavlov's experiment with dogs demonstrates how a neutral stimulus (a bell) paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food) eventually elicits a conditioned response (salivation).
