Psychology: Structuralism, Functionalism, Phrenology

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary purpose of Wundt's structuralism?

  • To capture the change of human mind when stimulus changes (correct)
  • To research observable behavior and experimental manipulation
  • To study the morphology of the skull and deduce personality from its regions
  • To study the dynamic and continuous flow of consciousness

What was the main limitation of introspection according to Wundt's structuralism?

  • Inability to study mental processes
  • Inaccessibility of mind and subjective nature (correct)
  • Lack of connection between brain chemical activity and behavior
  • Difficulty in capturing the change of human mind

What is the role of the unconscious mind in Freud's theory?

  • It aims to model neural structures of the brain
  • It studies cognitive processes through information transfers in interconnected units
  • It captures the change of human mind when stimulus changes
  • It is the engine of the psyche, manifesting in dreams and small events (correct)

According to James' functionalism, how did consciousness differ from structuralism?

<p>It was considered a dynamic and continuous flow, not divided into parts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of behaviorism according to Watson?

<p>Observable behavior and conditioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What research method did Koffka use in Gestalt psychology?

<p>Experimental phenomenological studies with altered stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Penfield's biological perspective, what is looked for in relation to brain activity?

<p>A link between brain chemical activity and effects on behavior and mental processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the TOTE model primarily involve?

<p>Test, Operate, Test, Exit for problem-solving (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Miller's cognitivism differ from behaviorism?

<p>The mind actively processes information rather than being a passive receiver of stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of modularism according to James' perspective?

<p>Elaborating internal representations from external stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main aim of connectionism according to Rumelhart and McClelland?

<p>To model neural structures of the brain through interconnected units (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized in model evaluation inspired by human brain, used by artificial intelligence?

<p>Precise hypothesis and rigorous studies of mental processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Early Psychology Schools

  • Wundt's structuralism aimed to identify the basic components of conscious experience and how they combine to form more complex experiences.

Limitations of Introspection

  • The main limitation of introspection in Wundt's structuralism was that it relied on subjective, unreliable, and often biased self-reports.

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

  • The unconscious mind, according to Freud, plays a central role in shaping behavior and personality, operating beyond conscious awareness.

James' Functionalism

  • Unlike structuralism, James' functionalism focused on the purpose and function of consciousness, exploring its role in adapting to the environment.

Behaviorism

  • According to Watson, the primary focus of behaviorism was on observable behavior, dismissing the study of consciousness and the unconscious mind.

Gestalt Psychology

  • Koffka used the method of phenomenology to study immediate conscious experience in Gestalt psychology.

Biological Perspective

  • Penfield's biological perspective sought to localize brain activity related to specific cognitive processes and behaviors.

TOTE Model

  • The TOTE (Test-Operate-Test-Exit) model primarily involves a feedback loop, continually testing and adjusting behavior to achieve a specific goal.

Cognitivism

  • Miller's cognitivism differed from behaviorism by focusing on internal mental processes, such as perception, attention, and memory.

Modularism

  • According to James, modularism focuses on the separate, innate modules of the mind that are specialized for specific cognitive functions.

Connectionism

  • The main aim of connectionism, according to Rumelhart and McClelland, was to model cognitive processes using artificial neural networks.

Artificial Intelligence

  • In model evaluation inspired by the human brain, artificial intelligence emphasizes the development of machines that can learn, reason, and adapt like humans.

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