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Questions and Answers
What was the primary purpose of Wundt's structuralism?
What was the main limitation of introspection according to Wundt's structuralism?
What is the role of the unconscious mind in Freud's theory?
According to James' functionalism, how did consciousness differ from structuralism?
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What was the primary focus of behaviorism according to Watson?
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What research method did Koffka use in Gestalt psychology?
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According to Penfield's biological perspective, what is looked for in relation to brain activity?
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What does the TOTE model primarily involve?
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How did Miller's cognitivism differ from behaviorism?
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What is the focus of modularism according to James' perspective?
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What was the main aim of connectionism according to Rumelhart and McClelland?
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What is emphasized in model evaluation inspired by human brain, used by artificial intelligence?
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Study Notes
Early Psychology Schools
- Wundt's structuralism aimed to identify the basic components of conscious experience and how they combine to form more complex experiences.
Limitations of Introspection
- The main limitation of introspection in Wundt's structuralism was that it relied on subjective, unreliable, and often biased self-reports.
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
- The unconscious mind, according to Freud, plays a central role in shaping behavior and personality, operating beyond conscious awareness.
James' Functionalism
- Unlike structuralism, James' functionalism focused on the purpose and function of consciousness, exploring its role in adapting to the environment.
Behaviorism
- According to Watson, the primary focus of behaviorism was on observable behavior, dismissing the study of consciousness and the unconscious mind.
Gestalt Psychology
- Koffka used the method of phenomenology to study immediate conscious experience in Gestalt psychology.
Biological Perspective
- Penfield's biological perspective sought to localize brain activity related to specific cognitive processes and behaviors.
TOTE Model
- The TOTE (Test-Operate-Test-Exit) model primarily involves a feedback loop, continually testing and adjusting behavior to achieve a specific goal.
Cognitivism
- Miller's cognitivism differed from behaviorism by focusing on internal mental processes, such as perception, attention, and memory.
Modularism
- According to James, modularism focuses on the separate, innate modules of the mind that are specialized for specific cognitive functions.
Connectionism
- The main aim of connectionism, according to Rumelhart and McClelland, was to model cognitive processes using artificial neural networks.
Artificial Intelligence
- In model evaluation inspired by the human brain, artificial intelligence emphasizes the development of machines that can learn, reason, and adapt like humans.
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Description
Explore the key concepts and differences between structuralism, functionalism, and phrenology in psychology. Learn about the methods, aims, and limitations of these early schools of thought in understanding the human mind.
