Psychology: Structuralism, Functionalism, Phrenology
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary purpose of Wundt's structuralism?

  • To capture the change of human mind when stimulus changes (correct)
  • To research observable behavior and experimental manipulation
  • To study the morphology of the skull and deduce personality from its regions
  • To study the dynamic and continuous flow of consciousness

    • What was the main limitation of introspection according to Wundt's structuralism?

  • Inability to study mental processes
  • Inaccessibility of mind and subjective nature (correct)
  • Lack of connection between brain chemical activity and behavior
  • Difficulty in capturing the change of human mind

    • What is the role of the unconscious mind in Freud's theory?

  • It aims to model neural structures of the brain
  • It studies cognitive processes through information transfers in interconnected units
  • It captures the change of human mind when stimulus changes
  • It is the engine of the psyche, manifesting in dreams and small events (correct)

    • According to James' functionalism, how did consciousness differ from structuralism?

    <p>It was considered a dynamic and continuous flow, not divided into parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of behaviorism according to Watson?

    <p>Observable behavior and conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What research method did Koffka use in Gestalt psychology?

    <p>Experimental phenomenological studies with altered stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Penfield's biological perspective, what is looked for in relation to brain activity?

    <p>A link between brain chemical activity and effects on behavior and mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the TOTE model primarily involve?

    <p>Test, Operate, Test, Exit for problem-solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Miller's cognitivism differ from behaviorism?

    <p>The mind actively processes information rather than being a passive receiver of stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of modularism according to James' perspective?

    <p>Elaborating internal representations from external stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main aim of connectionism according to Rumelhart and McClelland?

    <p>To model neural structures of the brain through interconnected units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized in model evaluation inspired by human brain, used by artificial intelligence?

    <p>Precise hypothesis and rigorous studies of mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Early Psychology Schools

    • Wundt's structuralism aimed to identify the basic components of conscious experience and how they combine to form more complex experiences.

    Limitations of Introspection

    • The main limitation of introspection in Wundt's structuralism was that it relied on subjective, unreliable, and often biased self-reports.

    Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

    • The unconscious mind, according to Freud, plays a central role in shaping behavior and personality, operating beyond conscious awareness.

    James' Functionalism

    • Unlike structuralism, James' functionalism focused on the purpose and function of consciousness, exploring its role in adapting to the environment.

    Behaviorism

    • According to Watson, the primary focus of behaviorism was on observable behavior, dismissing the study of consciousness and the unconscious mind.

    Gestalt Psychology

    • Koffka used the method of phenomenology to study immediate conscious experience in Gestalt psychology.

    Biological Perspective

    • Penfield's biological perspective sought to localize brain activity related to specific cognitive processes and behaviors.

    TOTE Model

    • The TOTE (Test-Operate-Test-Exit) model primarily involves a feedback loop, continually testing and adjusting behavior to achieve a specific goal.

    Cognitivism

    • Miller's cognitivism differed from behaviorism by focusing on internal mental processes, such as perception, attention, and memory.

    Modularism

    • According to James, modularism focuses on the separate, innate modules of the mind that are specialized for specific cognitive functions.

    Connectionism

    • The main aim of connectionism, according to Rumelhart and McClelland, was to model cognitive processes using artificial neural networks.

    Artificial Intelligence

    • In model evaluation inspired by the human brain, artificial intelligence emphasizes the development of machines that can learn, reason, and adapt like humans.

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    Description

    Explore the key concepts and differences between structuralism, functionalism, and phrenology in psychology. Learn about the methods, aims, and limitations of these early schools of thought in understanding the human mind.

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