Psychology Quiz: Structuralism and Functionalism

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Questions and Answers

What is a primary focus of Structuralism in psychology?

Breaking down mental processes into basic components (correct)

Examining the unconscious mind

Analyzing behavior through external stimuli

Understanding the societal impact on behavior

Which of the following is a limitation associated with professional judgment in psychology?

Holistic approach to client evaluation

Illusory correlations and confirmation bias (correct)

Active engagement with clients

Rigorous statistical analysis

What aspect does Functionalism emphasize in psychology?

The biological underpinnings of behavior

The stability and function of mental processes (correct)

The historical evolution of psychological theories

The unconscious processes influencing thoughts

Who is NOT considered a major thinker associated with Structuralism?

William James Signup and view all the answers

Which of these represents a self-fulfilling prophecy in psychology?

An individual acts according to a forecasted outcome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly distinguishes between naive prediction and statistical prediction?

Statistical predictions are based on data, whereas naive predictions rely on subjective intuition. Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological perspective is generally associated with analyzing behavior through internal struggles?

Psychoanalysis Signup and view all the answers

What is a technique that Structuralists used to study mental processes?

Introspection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is NOT part of the 'circuit of the culture' in mass media?

Innovation Signup and view all the answers

What does symbolic interactionism suggest about self-reflection?

It is influenced by social interactions. Signup and view all the answers

Which objective of mass media includes creating consumers while masking their commodification?

Creating commercial audiences Signup and view all the answers

In the context of sociological social psychology, which proposition emphasizes the diversity of human experiences?

There is an enormous cultural variety. Signup and view all the answers

How is the interpretative process in symbolic interactionism fundamentally defined?

It is connected to cultural world meanings. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of mass media's role includes awareness of disinformation?

Fact-checking Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary critique of mass media in the context of capitalist political systems?

It supports strategic policies without consumer awareness. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the first principle of symbolic interactionism regarding human experience?

There is a psychic 'unit' in human experience. Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of meaning suggest about human actions?

Humans act toward people and things based on the meanings assigned to them. Signup and view all the answers

According to symbolic interactionism, how is meaning generated?

Through a process of social interaction. Signup and view all the answers

What role does language play in the process of meaning-making?

Language helps negotiate meanings through symbols. Signup and view all the answers

How does thought influence an individual's interpretation of symbols?

Thought modifies how individuals interpret symbols through mental dialogue. Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested by the idea that 'meaning is modified by an interpretative process'?

Meanings can evolve through re-evaluation and context. Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of self-reflection imply within personal experience?

Self-reflection allows individuals to construct and reconstruct their experiences. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of meaningful interaction as described in the principles?

Understanding the perspective of others through role-taking. Signup and view all the answers

How do human beings create their experience worlds, according to the principles of symbolic interactionism?

Through the interactions and reflections they have about their situations. Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of perceptual organization emphasizes the importance of the distance between elements?

Proximity Signup and view all the answers

What role do symbols play in differentiating humans from other organisms?

Symbols allow for the representation of complex ideas. Signup and view all the answers

What does K. Lewin's Field Theory emphasize in understanding behavior?

The individual's perception of the situation Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the influence of social interactions on knowledge construction?

Knowledge is constructed through social interactions and relationships. Signup and view all the answers

What major shift in psychology is associated with the emergence of Cognitive Psychology in the 1950s?

The cognitive revolution Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains how previously acquired knowledge influences the understanding of new information?

Schema theory Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary limitation of social constructivism?

It fails to account for historical context. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the socialization process is accurate?

Socialization involves learning from various systems in one's environment. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes F. Bartlett's approach to understanding memory?

Memory is influenced by social and cultural contexts Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the approach of behaviorism according to its historical context?

It dominated psychological thought due to its focus on observable behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive developmental stage comes directly after the Sensorimotor Stage in Piaget's theory?

Preoperational Stage Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of the Gestalt framework is about the tendency to perceive unfinished shapes as complete?

Closing Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of engaging in social interactions with respect to knowledge?

Knowledge is constantly adapted and redefined within cultural contexts. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of behavior does Lewin's formula Behavior = f(person, environment) imply is crucial?

Both personal perception and environmental factors are important Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is central to social constructivism as articulated by L. Vygotsky?

The importance of relationships in knowledge creation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key strength of social constructivism?

It encourages a reevaluation of professional practices in everyday contexts. Signup and view all the answers

What does the unconscious as a social or collective construct allow social psychologists to recognize?

The hidden influence of social norms Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is emphasized in humanistic psychology?

Self-actualization Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect distinguishes humanistic psychology from earlier schools of thought?

Concentration on personal growth Signup and view all the answers

Who are considered major humanist thinkers associated with humanistic psychology?

Maslow and Rogers Signup and view all the answers

What is the main principle of Gestalt psychology?

Experiences are understood as unified wholes Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'isomorphism' refer to in Gestalt psychology?

The relationship between stimulus and perception Signup and view all the answers

Which area of psychology has been influenced by humanistic psychology?

Positive psychology Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the Gestalt approach in psychology?

Holistic perception of experience Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Social psychology is a discipline using scientific methods to understand and explain how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others (Allport, 1985).
It's an interdisciplinary field located halfway between sociology and psychology, encompassing anthropology, history, and literature. Sociologists study social structures and cultural processes, while psychologists examine mental processes like memory, perception, and emotion (Lindesmith, Strauss & Denzin, 2006).
Social psychology examines the interplay between individual and social factors. It looks at how the social structure influences individual psychology and vice-versa. (Fromm, 1937)

Psychology Context: Triplett's 1897 study, Freud's dream interpretation, Wundt's Völkerpsychologie (1908), McDougall's 1908 social psychology introduction.
Sociology Context: Cooley's 1902 concept of the "looking-glass self," Weber's 1905 Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Ross's 1908 Social Psychology, Mead's 1913 Social Self, and Thomas and Znaniecki's 1918 study of Polish peasants.

1930s: Great Depression, Fascism
1940s: World War II, Holocaust
1950s: Suburbia, McCarthyism, Cold War, Desegregation, Home television
1960s: Civil Rights movement, Vietnam War
1970s: Feminism, "Me" Generation, Black Power
1980s: Reaganism, Personal Computers, End of Cold War, Breakup of USSR
1990s: Democratization, Globalization, Rise of East Asia, Internet and Cell Phones
2000s: Reality Television, 9/11 and Terrorism, Iraq and Abu Ghraib, Economic Meltdown

Economic crisis and Sustainable policies: 2010; Nudges and morality.
Covid-19 and Digital communications: 2020; Lifestyle changes, recycling, reuse, isolation, social skills, and identity
Stereotypes and Prejudice: Covert forms of stereotyping, Benevolent "machismo", Implicit Measures, Stigma & Self-stigma. Cultural integration vs. diversity
Homo Economicus Critique: Importance of altruism, morality, and framing/priming.
Promising new directions: Evolutionary Psychology, Implicit Influences, Terror Management Theory, Positive Psychology, Self-Regulation, Hedonic adaptation, Close relationships, Virtual Interaction, and Social cognitive neuroscience.
Sustainability, Sustainable de-growth, and Inhabiting rural spaces

Macro Perspectives: Structuralism, Functionalism, Structural-Functionalism, Evolutionism .
Meso Perspectives: Symbolic Interactionism, Socialization process, and Social Constructivism
Micro Perspectives: Behaviorism, Psychoanalysis, Gestalt, and Cognitivism
Criticisms of major schools: Overvaluation of observable, Ignoring consciousness, simplifications, and reductionist interpretations

Basic vs. Applied research: Both fundamental and practical research are vital in progressing social psychology.
Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Different methods of gathering and interpreting data.
Qualitative examples: Participant observation, non-participant observation, field notes, structured interviews, semi-structured interviews, unstructured interviews, documents and materials analysis, life stories, life history studies, group discussions, Delphi method and creative methods.
Quantitative examples: Experiment, Field experiment, Quasi-experiment, and Surveys.
Crises in Social Psychology: Historical context of social psychology's development and challenges to its methods and relevance.
Scaling-up problem: Generalizability of findings from specific contexts to broader societal issues and problems (like social inequalities). Tools for behavior change. Interventions

Allport, G.W.
Bandura, A.
Bandura, A.
Bartlett, F.
Blumer, H.
Buss, D.M.
Carr, H.
Cooley, C.H.
Dewey, J.
Diener, E.
Dovidio, J. F.
Freud, S.
Fromm, E.
Gergen, K.
Gergen, K.
Goffman, E.
Greenberg, J.
Heider, F.
Hovland, C.I.
James, W.
Jung, C.G.
Kelley, H.
Lewin, K.
Lindesmith, A.
Lindzey, G.
Luria, A. R.
Markus, H.R.
Maslow, A. H.
McDougall, W.
Mead, G.H.
Milgram, S.
Nisbett, R.E.
Piaget, J.
Piñuela and Yela
Ross, L.
Rogers, C.R.
Seligman, M.E.P.
Skinner, B.F.
Snyder, M.
Stouffer, S.A.
Tajfel, H.
Thibaut, J.
Titchener, E.
Watson, J.B.
Weber, M.
Wertheimer, M.
Wundt, W.
Yela, M.

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Test your knowledge on key concepts of Structuralism and Functionalism in psychology. This quiz covers foundational theories, major thinkers, and critical analyses within the field. Perfect for students looking to deepen their understanding of psychological perspectives.