Psychology Sensation vs. Perception Quiz
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Psychology Sensation vs. Perception Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does classical conditioning primarily involve?

  • Learning through observation and imitation
  • Rewarding behavior through positive reinforcement
  • Associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus (correct)
  • Punishing behavior to decrease unwanted actions
  • Which type of memory is characterized by personal experiences?

  • Procedural memory
  • Semantic memory
  • Implicit memory
  • Episodic memory (correct)
  • In operant conditioning, what is the main goal of punishment?

  • To reinforce desired behavior
  • To create a positive environment
  • To decrease unwanted behavior (correct)
  • To facilitate faster learning
  • What occurs in proactive interference?

    <p>Old memories disrupt the learning of new information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a flashbulb memory?

    <p>Memories triggered by strong emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is continuous reinforcement?

    <p>Reinforcing every instance of a behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory refers to the knowledge of facts and general information?

    <p>Semantic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of extinction in classical conditioning?

    <p>The conditioned response fades when the CS is not paired with the UCS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines memory encoding?

    <p>Converting input into a format for storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does negative reinforcement involve?

    <p>Removing an unpleasant stimulus to encourage behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cornea in the human eye?

    <p>To allow light entry into the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of sensory transduction?

    <p>Conversion of environmental stimuli into neural signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of depth perception cue is represented by retinal disparity?

    <p>Binocular Depth Cue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle states that we perceive complete figures even when parts are missing?

    <p>Closure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is primarily responsible for detecting pain and extreme temperatures?

    <p>Nociceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of perceptual constancy refer to in psychology?

    <p>Recognition of objects despite variations in distance or angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do hair cells play in the auditory system?

    <p>Transduce sound waves into neural signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of visual photoreceptor is most effective in low-light conditions?

    <p>Rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological concept focuses on the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they evoke?

    <p>Psychophysics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the function of the optic nerve in the visual system?

    <p>Transmits visual signals from the retina to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory does H.M. retain despite his inability to form new episodic or semantic memories?

    <p>Short-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of schemas in cognitive processing?

    <p>They connect interconnected concepts to simplify information processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heuristic involves making judgments based on how easily examples come to mind?

    <p>Availability Heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a problem-solving method that results in a sudden realization?

    <p>Insight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main systems of thinking identified by Kahneman?

    <p>System 1 and System 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about eyewitness memory is accurate?

    <p>It is often altered by misleading information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of confirmation bias?

    <p>Focusing on information that supports existing beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is intelligence commonly measured according to the concept of General Intelligence (g)?

    <p>By calculating the difference between mental age and chronological age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the brain's processing model as per the Computational Theory of Mind?

    <p>It conceptualizes the brain as an information-processing device.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of problem-solving method is characterized by a reliable, step-by-step procedure?

    <p>Algorithm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sensation vs. Perception

    • Sensation: Detection of stimuli (light, sound, touch)
    • Perception: Organization and interpretation of sensory information
    • Example: Light on retina → brain interprets as image

    Sensory Receptors & Transduction

    • Sensory Receptors: Specialized neurons detecting stimuli
    • Sensory Transduction: Conversion of stimuli into neural signals
    • Example: Light waves → transduced into visual images

    The Visual System

    • Light: Electromagnetic radiation (380 nm - 760 nm visible)
    • Human Eye:
      • Cornea: Transparent layer for light entry
      • Iris: Controls pupil size
      • Lens: Focuses light on retina
      • Retina: Contains photoreceptors (rods & cones)
        • Optic Nerve: Transmits signals to brain
        • Photoreceptors:
          • Cones: Detail, color vision, best in daylight, concentrated in fovea
          • Rods: Low-light vision, not color, primarily in peripheral retina

    Depth Perception

    • Binocular Depth cues: Retinal disparity, convergence
    • Monocular Depth cues: Relative size, linear perspective
    • Example: Ponzo illusion (linear perspective trick)

    Gestalt Principles of Perception

    • Studies whole objects, not just parts
    • Key Principles:
      • Closure: Fill gaps for completeness
      • Similarity: Group similar objects
      • Proximity: Nearby objects perceived as related
      • Good Continuation: Smooth lines perceived over disjointed ones

    Perceptual Constancies

    • Size Constancy: Same size perception despite distance
    • Shape Constancy: Same shape perception from different angles
    • Color Constancy: Maintain color despite lighting changes

    Light as a Stimulus

    • Part of electromagnetic spectrum (380-760 nm)
    • Wavelength determines color (short = blue/violet, long = red)

    The Auditory System

    • Sound Waves: Created by vibrating objects
    • Frequency: Determines pitch
    • Amplitude: Determines loudness
    • Structure of the Ear: Outer Ear (Pinna) → Middle Ear → Inner Ear (Cochlea)
    • Transduction of Sound: Sound vibrations → neural signals

    Somatosensory System

    • Detects sensations: touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature
    • Receptors: Pressure-sensitive, thermoreceptors, nociceptors
    • The Homunculus & Somatosensory Cortex: Sensory input mapped in brain → larger areas for more sensitive body parts

    Perception & Psychophysics

    • Psychophysics: Study of stimulus-perception relationship
    • Absolute Threshold: Minimum detectable stimulus intensity
    • Subliminal Perception: Processing stimuli below conscious detection

    The Gestalt School & Grouping Principles

    • Gestalt Psychology: Whole object perception
    • Grouping Principles: Similarity, proximity, continuity, closure

    Learning vs. Memory

    • Learning: Lasting change in behavior from experience
    • Memory: Processes of encoding, storing, and retrieving information

    Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)

    • Definition: Neutral stimulus becomes associated with unconditioned stimulus → elicits conditioned response
    • Key Terms:
      • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
      • Unconditioned Response (UCR)
      • Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
      • Conditioned Response (CR)

    Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner)

    • Definition: Learning through rewards and punishments
    • Reinforcement (Increases behavior):
      • Positive
      • Negative
    • Punishment (Decreases behavior):
      • Positive
      • Negative
    • Reinforcement Schedules: Continuous, Intermittent

    Memory Types

    • Explicit Memory: Episodic, Semantic
    • Implicit Memory: Procedural, Associative

    Forgetting & Interference

    • Forgetting Curve (Ebbinghaus): Rapid forgetting, retains some over time
    • Types of Interference: Proactive, Retroactive
    • Flashbulb Memories: Strong memories from intense emotional experiences, not always accurate

    Additional Notes

    • Real-world Classical Conditioning
    • Extinction
    • Cognitive Learning (Edward Tolman)
    • Memory Processes: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
    • Short-term vs. Long-term Memory
    • The Case of H.M.
    • Eyewitness Memory
    • Computational Theory of Mind
    • Mental Imagery
    • Thinking and Mental Imagery

    Problem-Solving Methods

    • Heuristics
    • Algorithms
    • Insight

    Dual Systems of Thinking (Kahneman)

    • System 1: Fast, automatic
    • System 2: Slow, deliberate

    Intelligence

    • General Intelligence (g)
    • IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
    • Binet's and Stanford-Binet Tests
    • Environmental Influence on IQ: Twin Studies

    Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

    • Components: Recognizing own emotions, empathizing with others
    • Importance: Predictive of relational success

    Grit

    • Definition: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals
    • Research: Grit leads to success

    Animal Intelligence

    • Concept Formation: Animals can form concepts
    • Insight and Tool Use: Problem-solving abilities in animals

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    Description

    Test your understanding of the differences between sensation and perception, including the role of sensory receptors and the visual system. Explore concepts like sensory transduction and depth perception in this engaging quiz.

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