Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does classical conditioning primarily involve?
What does classical conditioning primarily involve?
Which type of memory is characterized by personal experiences?
Which type of memory is characterized by personal experiences?
In operant conditioning, what is the main goal of punishment?
In operant conditioning, what is the main goal of punishment?
What occurs in proactive interference?
What occurs in proactive interference?
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Which of the following describes a flashbulb memory?
Which of the following describes a flashbulb memory?
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What is continuous reinforcement?
What is continuous reinforcement?
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Which type of memory refers to the knowledge of facts and general information?
Which type of memory refers to the knowledge of facts and general information?
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What is the main effect of extinction in classical conditioning?
What is the main effect of extinction in classical conditioning?
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Which of the following best defines memory encoding?
Which of the following best defines memory encoding?
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What does negative reinforcement involve?
What does negative reinforcement involve?
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What is the primary function of the cornea in the human eye?
What is the primary function of the cornea in the human eye?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of sensory transduction?
Which of the following best describes the concept of sensory transduction?
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Which type of depth perception cue is represented by retinal disparity?
Which type of depth perception cue is represented by retinal disparity?
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Which principle states that we perceive complete figures even when parts are missing?
Which principle states that we perceive complete figures even when parts are missing?
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Which type of receptor is primarily responsible for detecting pain and extreme temperatures?
Which type of receptor is primarily responsible for detecting pain and extreme temperatures?
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What does the concept of perceptual constancy refer to in psychology?
What does the concept of perceptual constancy refer to in psychology?
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What role do hair cells play in the auditory system?
What role do hair cells play in the auditory system?
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Which type of visual photoreceptor is most effective in low-light conditions?
Which type of visual photoreceptor is most effective in low-light conditions?
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Which psychological concept focuses on the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they evoke?
Which psychological concept focuses on the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they evoke?
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Which of the following describes the function of the optic nerve in the visual system?
Which of the following describes the function of the optic nerve in the visual system?
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What type of memory does H.M. retain despite his inability to form new episodic or semantic memories?
What type of memory does H.M. retain despite his inability to form new episodic or semantic memories?
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Which of the following best describes the function of schemas in cognitive processing?
Which of the following best describes the function of schemas in cognitive processing?
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Which heuristic involves making judgments based on how easily examples come to mind?
Which heuristic involves making judgments based on how easily examples come to mind?
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What is an example of a problem-solving method that results in a sudden realization?
What is an example of a problem-solving method that results in a sudden realization?
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What are the two main systems of thinking identified by Kahneman?
What are the two main systems of thinking identified by Kahneman?
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Which of the following statements about eyewitness memory is accurate?
Which of the following statements about eyewitness memory is accurate?
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What is the primary focus of confirmation bias?
What is the primary focus of confirmation bias?
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How is intelligence commonly measured according to the concept of General Intelligence (g)?
How is intelligence commonly measured according to the concept of General Intelligence (g)?
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Which of the following is true about the brain's processing model as per the Computational Theory of Mind?
Which of the following is true about the brain's processing model as per the Computational Theory of Mind?
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What type of problem-solving method is characterized by a reliable, step-by-step procedure?
What type of problem-solving method is characterized by a reliable, step-by-step procedure?
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Study Notes
Sensation vs. Perception
- Sensation: Detection of stimuli (light, sound, touch)
- Perception: Organization and interpretation of sensory information
- Example: Light on retina → brain interprets as image
Sensory Receptors & Transduction
- Sensory Receptors: Specialized neurons detecting stimuli
- Sensory Transduction: Conversion of stimuli into neural signals
- Example: Light waves → transduced into visual images
The Visual System
- Light: Electromagnetic radiation (380 nm - 760 nm visible)
- Human Eye:
- Cornea: Transparent layer for light entry
- Iris: Controls pupil size
- Lens: Focuses light on retina
- Retina: Contains photoreceptors (rods & cones)
- Optic Nerve: Transmits signals to brain
- Photoreceptors:
- Cones: Detail, color vision, best in daylight, concentrated in fovea
- Rods: Low-light vision, not color, primarily in peripheral retina
Depth Perception
- Binocular Depth cues: Retinal disparity, convergence
- Monocular Depth cues: Relative size, linear perspective
- Example: Ponzo illusion (linear perspective trick)
Gestalt Principles of Perception
- Studies whole objects, not just parts
- Key Principles:
- Closure: Fill gaps for completeness
- Similarity: Group similar objects
- Proximity: Nearby objects perceived as related
- Good Continuation: Smooth lines perceived over disjointed ones
Perceptual Constancies
- Size Constancy: Same size perception despite distance
- Shape Constancy: Same shape perception from different angles
- Color Constancy: Maintain color despite lighting changes
Light as a Stimulus
- Part of electromagnetic spectrum (380-760 nm)
- Wavelength determines color (short = blue/violet, long = red)
The Auditory System
- Sound Waves: Created by vibrating objects
- Frequency: Determines pitch
- Amplitude: Determines loudness
- Structure of the Ear: Outer Ear (Pinna) → Middle Ear → Inner Ear (Cochlea)
- Transduction of Sound: Sound vibrations → neural signals
Somatosensory System
- Detects sensations: touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature
- Receptors: Pressure-sensitive, thermoreceptors, nociceptors
- The Homunculus & Somatosensory Cortex: Sensory input mapped in brain → larger areas for more sensitive body parts
Perception & Psychophysics
- Psychophysics: Study of stimulus-perception relationship
- Absolute Threshold: Minimum detectable stimulus intensity
- Subliminal Perception: Processing stimuli below conscious detection
The Gestalt School & Grouping Principles
- Gestalt Psychology: Whole object perception
- Grouping Principles: Similarity, proximity, continuity, closure
Learning vs. Memory
- Learning: Lasting change in behavior from experience
- Memory: Processes of encoding, storing, and retrieving information
Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)
- Definition: Neutral stimulus becomes associated with unconditioned stimulus → elicits conditioned response
- Key Terms:
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
- Unconditioned Response (UCR)
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
- Conditioned Response (CR)
Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner)
- Definition: Learning through rewards and punishments
- Reinforcement (Increases behavior):
- Positive
- Negative
- Punishment (Decreases behavior):
- Positive
- Negative
- Reinforcement Schedules: Continuous, Intermittent
Memory Types
- Explicit Memory: Episodic, Semantic
- Implicit Memory: Procedural, Associative
Forgetting & Interference
- Forgetting Curve (Ebbinghaus): Rapid forgetting, retains some over time
- Types of Interference: Proactive, Retroactive
- Flashbulb Memories: Strong memories from intense emotional experiences, not always accurate
Additional Notes
- Real-world Classical Conditioning
- Extinction
- Cognitive Learning (Edward Tolman)
- Memory Processes: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
- Short-term vs. Long-term Memory
- The Case of H.M.
- Eyewitness Memory
- Computational Theory of Mind
- Mental Imagery
- Thinking and Mental Imagery
Problem-Solving Methods
- Heuristics
- Algorithms
- Insight
Dual Systems of Thinking (Kahneman)
- System 1: Fast, automatic
- System 2: Slow, deliberate
Intelligence
- General Intelligence (g)
- IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
- Binet's and Stanford-Binet Tests
- Environmental Influence on IQ: Twin Studies
Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
- Components: Recognizing own emotions, empathizing with others
- Importance: Predictive of relational success
Grit
- Definition: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals
- Research: Grit leads to success
Animal Intelligence
- Concept Formation: Animals can form concepts
- Insight and Tool Use: Problem-solving abilities in animals
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Description
Test your understanding of the differences between sensation and perception, including the role of sensory receptors and the visual system. Explore concepts like sensory transduction and depth perception in this engaging quiz.
