Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which school of psychology, influenced by Darwin, focuses on the practical functions of the mind?
Which school of psychology, influenced by Darwin, focuses on the practical functions of the mind?
Which perspective focuses on the study of mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving?
Which perspective focuses on the study of mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving?
Which approach emphasizes the interplay of biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors in understanding behavior?
Which approach emphasizes the interplay of biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors in understanding behavior?
What is a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study called?
What is a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study called?
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Which of these is NOT a key characteristic of critical thinking?
Which of these is NOT a key characteristic of critical thinking?
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What is the repeating of a research study, usually with different participants and settings, called?
What is the repeating of a research study, usually with different participants and settings, called?
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What is the current understanding of the nature-nurture issue?
What is the current understanding of the nature-nurture issue?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a mental process studied by cognitive psychologists?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a mental process studied by cognitive psychologists?
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What is the main difference between a survey and a naturalistic observation?
What is the main difference between a survey and a naturalistic observation?
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In an experiment, what is the purpose of a control group?
In an experiment, what is the purpose of a control group?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a random sample?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a random sample?
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If a researcher finds a negative correlation between the number of hours spent studying and the amount of stress experienced, what does this mean?
If a researcher finds a negative correlation between the number of hours spent studying and the amount of stress experienced, what does this mean?
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What is the purpose of using a double-blind procedure in an experiment?
What is the purpose of using a double-blind procedure in an experiment?
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A researcher is studying the effects of a new medication on anxiety levels. The independent variable in this experiment is:
A researcher is studying the effects of a new medication on anxiety levels. The independent variable in this experiment is:
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Which of the following is an example of a confounding variable in a study examining the effects of a new diet on weight loss?
Which of the following is an example of a confounding variable in a study examining the effects of a new diet on weight loss?
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In a research study, what is the main purpose of obtaining informed consent from participants?
In a research study, what is the main purpose of obtaining informed consent from participants?
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Study Notes
Critical Thinking
- Critical thinking involves not accepting arguments or conclusions blindly
- It requires examining assumptions, assessing the source, uncovering hidden values, evaluating evidence, and assessing conclusions.
Structuralism
- Structuralism was an early school of thought in psychology
- It focused on the structure of the human mind.
- It was promoted by Wundt
Functionalism
- Functionalism was another early school of thought in psychology
- It was influenced by Darwin
- It focused on how the mind functions.
- It was promoted by James
Behaviorism
- Behaviorism is a perspective in psychology
- It emphasizes that psychology should be an objective science that focuses on observable behaviors
- It does not consider mental processes
Humanistic Psychology
- Humanistic psychology emphasizes human growth potential
Cognitive Psychology
- Cognitive psychology studies mental processes such as perception, learning, memory, communication, thought, and problem-solving
Cognitive Neuroscience
- Cognitive neuroscience studies the link between mental activity and brain activity
Biopsychosocial Approach
- This approach integrates biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints.
Nature-Nurture Issue
- The nature-nurture debate aims to determine the effect of genes and experience on psychological development.
- Modern psychology recognizes that traits and behaviours stem from the interaction of nature and nurture.
Dual Processing
- The mind simultaneously processes information on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.
Theory
- A theory is an explanation that uses principles to explain observations and predict behaviours or events
Hypothesis
- A hypothesis is a testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
Operational Definition
- An operational definition clearly outlines the procedures used in a research study.
- It enables consistent results and measures for the study. (e.g. human intelligence as defined by an intelligence test)
Replication
- Replication is the repetition of a research study with different participants in different situations to verify the initial findings.
Case Study
- A case study is a descriptive research technique where an individual or a group is studied deeply.
- The goal is to identify universal principles or connections.
Naturalistic Observation
- Naturalistic observation is a descriptive research method that examines behavior in natural settings.
- It avoids changing or controlling the situation.
Survey
- A survey gathers self-reported attitudes or behaviors from a representative sample of a group by questioning.
Population
- A population is the full group being studied from which random samples can be drawn to make generalizations about the population as a whole.
Random Sample
- In research, a random sample fairly represents a population since each member has an equal chance of selection.
Correlation
- Correlation measures the extent to which two variables change together.
- It shows how well one variable can be predicted based on another, and the strength of the correlation coefficient will indicate the type of correlation (strong, weak, positive, negative).
Placebo Effect
- A placebo is an inactive substance that is given to one group as a control in an experiment when a treatment may be given to a second group to determine if the treatment is effective or if the placebo is effective.
Experimental Group
- The experimental group in an experiment is exposed to the treatment i.e. the independent variable
Control Group
- The control group does not receive the treatment.
Double-blind Procedure
- In research studies a double-blind procedure is used when both participants and research staff are unaware of who is receiving the treatment or a placebo to control for biases.
Dependent Variable
- The dependent variable is the measured factor in an experiment.
- It is the variable whose change might be caused by manipulation of another variable.
Independent Variable
- The independent variable is the manipulated factor in an experiment.
- It is the variable that is changed to see if it causes a change in the dependent variable
Confounding Variable
- A confounding variable is a factor other than the independent variable that might influence the study's results.
Informed Consent
- Informed consent is the process of providing sufficient information for participants in a study to decide if they would like to participate and choose to.
Debrief
- Debriefing is the process of providing participants with information about the study's purpose and any necessary deceptions used, including explanations after the experiment ends.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various schools of thought in psychology including Critical Thinking, Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism, Humanistic Psychology, and Cognitive Psychology. Understand the key principles and proponents of each approach to improve your comprehension of psychological theories.
