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Questions and Answers
What process occurs when a sperm fertilizes an egg to form a zygote?
What process occurs when a sperm fertilizes an egg to form a zygote?
During which stage does the embryo implant itself into the lining of the uterus?
During which stage does the embryo implant itself into the lining of the uterus?
What is the term for environmental agents that can cause damage to a developing fetus?
What is the term for environmental agents that can cause damage to a developing fetus?
At approximately what week does the fetus begin to take on a recognizable human form?
At approximately what week does the fetus begin to take on a recognizable human form?
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What structure provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing embryo during pregnancy?
What structure provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing embryo during pregnancy?
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What major aspect distinguishes Behaviorism from other psychological schools of thought?
What major aspect distinguishes Behaviorism from other psychological schools of thought?
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Which school of thought is primarily associated with the concept of self-actualization?
Which school of thought is primarily associated with the concept of self-actualization?
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Who is credited with founding the first psychological laboratory, marking the beginning of Structuralism?
Who is credited with founding the first psychological laboratory, marking the beginning of Structuralism?
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Which psychological perspective emphasizes the integration of experiences into a unified whole?
Which psychological perspective emphasizes the integration of experiences into a unified whole?
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What is the first step in the scientific method as outlined in psychological research?
What is the first step in the scientific method as outlined in psychological research?
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Inferential statistics are particularly useful for which of the following purposes?
Inferential statistics are particularly useful for which of the following purposes?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a type of descriptive research?
Which of the following is NOT considered a type of descriptive research?
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Which of the following figures is associated with Psychoanalysis?
Which of the following figures is associated with Psychoanalysis?
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What is one of the facial features associated with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
What is one of the facial features associated with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
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At what age do reflexes in infants typically disappear?
At what age do reflexes in infants typically disappear?
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Which stage of cognitive development includes the emergence of language?
Which stage of cognitive development includes the emergence of language?
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What is typically the starting age for the period of adolescence?
What is typically the starting age for the period of adolescence?
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Which stage of adulthood is characterized by challenges related to identity exploration in work and love?
Which stage of adulthood is characterized by challenges related to identity exploration in work and love?
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What cognitive ability is developed during the Concrete Operational stage according to Piaget?
What cognitive ability is developed during the Concrete Operational stage according to Piaget?
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What is a potential effect of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome on lip structure?
What is a potential effect of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome on lip structure?
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Which developmental milestone typically occurs in the Formal Operational stage?
Which developmental milestone typically occurs in the Formal Operational stage?
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What is transduction in the context of sensation?
What is transduction in the context of sensation?
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Which statement best describes bottom-up processing?
Which statement best describes bottom-up processing?
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What characterizes Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep?
What characterizes Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep?
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Which of the following best defines sensory adaptation?
Which of the following best defines sensory adaptation?
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What is meant by the absolute threshold in sensory perception?
What is meant by the absolute threshold in sensory perception?
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Which stage of sleep is most likely to lead to phenomena such as somnambulism or night terrors?
Which stage of sleep is most likely to lead to phenomena such as somnambulism or night terrors?
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How does top-down processing influence perception?
How does top-down processing influence perception?
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What occurs during the first REM cycle of sleep?
What occurs during the first REM cycle of sleep?
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What is the primary goal of rehearsing information?
What is the primary goal of rehearsing information?
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Which memory retrieval method involves recognizing previously learned information after encountering it again?
Which memory retrieval method involves recognizing previously learned information after encountering it again?
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What is chunking primarily used for in memory enhancement?
What is chunking primarily used for in memory enhancement?
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Which term describes the fading of memory traces over time?
Which term describes the fading of memory traces over time?
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Which strategy involves relating new information to knowledge already stored in memory?
Which strategy involves relating new information to knowledge already stored in memory?
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Proactive interference is best described as:
Proactive interference is best described as:
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What does drive reduction theory aim to achieve?
What does drive reduction theory aim to achieve?
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What characterizes anxiety disorders?
What characterizes anxiety disorders?
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What characterizes a specific phobia?
What characterizes a specific phobia?
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Which symptom is NOT associated with a panic attack?
Which symptom is NOT associated with a panic attack?
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What is a defining feature of Bipolar Disorder?
What is a defining feature of Bipolar Disorder?
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Which of the following best describes dissociative fugue?
Which of the following best describes dissociative fugue?
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How long must panic attacks persist to qualify for a panic disorder diagnosis?
How long must panic attacks persist to qualify for a panic disorder diagnosis?
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What condition is characterized by a person being unable to recall significant personal information?
What condition is characterized by a person being unable to recall significant personal information?
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Which of the following is a common symptom of a manic episode in Bipolar Disorder?
Which of the following is a common symptom of a manic episode in Bipolar Disorder?
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Which of the following disorders does not belong to the anxiety disorder category?
Which of the following disorders does not belong to the anxiety disorder category?
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Study Notes
General Psychology - Schools of Thought
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Structuralism: First school of thought, proposed by Wilhelm Wundt.
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Wundt established the first psychological lab at Leipzig, Germany.
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Key figures include Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener.
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Focused on the internal workings of the mind.
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Functionalism: Heavily influenced by William James.
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Emphasizes the function of the mind and behavior in adapting to the environment.
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Focuses on overt behavior over covert behavior.
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Behaviorism: Proposed by John B. Watson.
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Suggests behavior is explained by environmental forces, not internal forces.
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Gestalt: Proposed by Max Wertheimer, originating in Germany and Austria in the 19th century.
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Emphasizes the whole experience rather than parts.
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Psychoanalysis: Founded by Sigmund Freud.
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Emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior.
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Key figures include: Anne Freud, Erik Erikson, Karen Horney, Otto Rank, and Alfred Adler.
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Humanistic: Founded by Carl Rogers.
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Emphasizes free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization, contrasting psychoanalysis and behaviorism.
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Cognitive: Studies mental processes.
The Scientific Method
- A method of acquiring knowledge.
- Involves formulating specific questions and systematically finding answers.
- Steps:
- Conceptualizing a problem
- Collecting data
- Analyzing data
- Drawing conclusions
Research Design and Strategy
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Descriptive Research: Various methods to describe a phenomenon or behavior.
- Naturalistic observation
- Case study
- Correlation research
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Experimental Research : A controlled study where variables are manipulated.
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Quasi-Experimental: Research that lacks random assignment of participants to conditions but still tests cause-and-effect relationships.
Biopsychology - The Nervous System
- The nervous system is the electrochemical communication network in the body.
- Made up of billions of neurons.
- Neuroscience is the study of the structure and function of the nervous system.
Neuron Structure
- Neuron: A small information processor.
- Dendrites: Receive signals from other neurons.
- Soma: Cell body.
- Axon: Major extension from the soma.
- Terminal buttons: Release neurotransmitters.
- Synapse: Tiny junctions between neurons.
- Myelin sheath: Fatty insulation on axons, making signal transmission efficient.
Neurotransmitters and Behavior
- Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers.
- Affect behavior.
- Examples: Acetylcholine, Beta-endorphins, Dopamine, GABA, Norepinephrine, Glutamate, and Serotonin.
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Psychoactive drugs (e.g., agonists, antagonists):
- Agonist: Mimics or enhances a neurotransmitter’s effect.
- Antagonist: Blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter’s effect.
- Affect neurotransmitter balance.
Lifespan Development
- Pattern of change in human capabilities from conception to death.
- Three main developmental domains:
- Physical
- Cognitive
- Psychosocial
Prenatal Development
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Stages:
- Germinal (Weeks 1-2)
- Embryonic (Weeks 3-8)
- Fetal (Weeks 9-40)
- Teratogens: Environmental agents that can harm the fetus.
- Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): Characterized by various facial features and developmental problems.
Stages of Sleep
- Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) stages: N1, N2, N3. Characterized by distinct brain wave patterns.
- Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep: Associated with dreaming.
- Brain wave patterns change during these stages.
Cognitive Development
- Preoperational (2-7): Emergence of language, thinking is egocentric.
- Concrete Operational (7-11): Much more adept at using logic, thinking is more concrete, literal.
- Formal Operational (12+): Increased logic, deductive reasoning, and abstract thought.
Sensation and Perception
- Sensation: Detecting sensory inputs; sensory receptors convert sensory stimulus energy to action potential.
- Perception: Organizing and interpreting information from the senses.
- Bottom-up processing (building from sensory input).
- Top-down processing (using prior knowledge and experiences to interpret input)
- Sensory adaptation: Senses adjusting to consistent stimuli.
- Habituation: Response decreases over time when stimuli is consistent over time.
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Description
Explore the fundamental schools of thought in psychology, including Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism, Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Humanistic psychology. This quiz examines the key figures and concepts that shaped these foundational theories. Test your understanding of how these perspectives influence the study of the mind and behavior.
