General Psychology - Schools of Thought
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Questions and Answers

What process occurs when a sperm fertilizes an egg to form a zygote?

  • Gestation
  • Germination
  • Mitosis (correct)
  • Fertilization

During which stage does the embryo implant itself into the lining of the uterus?

  • Embryonic Stage (correct)
  • Fetal Stage
  • Critical Stage
  • Germinal Stage

What is the term for environmental agents that can cause damage to a developing fetus?

  • Placenta
  • Teratogens (correct)
  • Embryos
  • Nutrients

At approximately what week does the fetus begin to take on a recognizable human form?

<p>Week 9 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing embryo during pregnancy?

<p>Placenta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major aspect distinguishes Behaviorism from other psychological schools of thought?

<p>Emphasis on environmental forces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which school of thought is primarily associated with the concept of self-actualization?

<p>Humanistic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with founding the first psychological laboratory, marking the beginning of Structuralism?

<p>Wilhelm Wundt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the integration of experiences into a unified whole?

<p>Gestalt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the scientific method as outlined in psychological research?

<p>Conceptualizing a Problem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inferential statistics are particularly useful for which of the following purposes?

<p>Answers general questions about populations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a type of descriptive research?

<p>Experimental Research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following figures is associated with Psychoanalysis?

<p>Sigmund Freud (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the facial features associated with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

<p>Smaller than average eye opening (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do reflexes in infants typically disappear?

<p>Around 4-5 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of cognitive development includes the emergence of language?

<p>Preoperational (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the starting age for the period of adolescence?

<p>12 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of adulthood is characterized by challenges related to identity exploration in work and love?

<p>Emerging Adulthood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive ability is developed during the Concrete Operational stage according to Piaget?

<p>Logical thinking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome on lip structure?

<p>Indistinct philtrum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental milestone typically occurs in the Formal Operational stage?

<p>Abstract reasoning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is transduction in the context of sensation?

<p>Conversion of sensory stimulus energy to action potential (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes bottom-up processing?

<p>Perceptions are built from sensory input (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep?

<p>Brain activity levels are similar to those during wakefulness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines sensory adaptation?

<p>The adjustment of senses to different stimuli over time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the absolute threshold in sensory perception?

<p>The minimum amount of energy a person can detect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of sleep is most likely to lead to phenomena such as somnambulism or night terrors?

<p>Stage 4 (NREM) (C), Stage 3 (NREM) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does top-down processing influence perception?

<p>Prior knowledge and experiences shape the interpretation of sensations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the first REM cycle of sleep?

<p>It usually lasts less than 10 minutes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of rehearsing information?

<p>To enhance long-term memory retention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which memory retrieval method involves recognizing previously learned information after encountering it again?

<p>Recognition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chunking primarily used for in memory enhancement?

<p>To organize information into manageable bits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the fading of memory traces over time?

<p>Decay theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy involves relating new information to knowledge already stored in memory?

<p>Elaborative rehearsal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proactive interference is best described as:

<p>Inhibition of new learning due to previously learned information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does drive reduction theory aim to achieve?

<p>Restore homeostatic balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes anxiety disorders?

<p>Excessive and persistent fear and anxiety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a specific phobia?

<p>Excessive fear about a specific object or situation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT associated with a panic attack?

<p>Feeling excessively happy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of Bipolar Disorder?

<p>Alternating mood states between depression and mania (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes dissociative fugue?

<p>Sudden wandering away from home and identity confusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long must panic attacks persist to qualify for a panic disorder diagnosis?

<p>One month of worry about additional attacks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by a person being unable to recall significant personal information?

<p>Dissociative Amnesia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of a manic episode in Bipolar Disorder?

<p>Abnormally elevated mood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders does not belong to the anxiety disorder category?

<p>Bipolar Disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Structuralism

Early school of thought that focused on breaking down mental processes into their most basic components.

Functionalism

School of thought emphasizing the function of mental processes and behavior in adapting to the environment.

Behaviorism

School of thought that suggests all behavior is learned and can be explained by environmental factors.

Gestalt

School of thought that emphasizes the whole experience and how the elements are organized to form a unified whole.

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Psychoanalysis

School of thought that emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in shaping behavior.

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Humanistic Psychology

School of thought focusing on free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization as key human motivations.

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Cognitive Psychology

School of psychology studying mental processes like thinking, memory, and language.

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Scientific Method

Systematic process for acquiring knowledge by formulating questions and gathering information.

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Prenatal Development

Pattern of change in human capabilities from conception to the end of life. Includes germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages.

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Germinal Stage

First stage of prenatal development (weeks 1-2), marked by conception and early cell division.

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Teratogen

Environmental agent (biological, chemical, or physical) that can harm a developing embryo or fetus.

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Embryonic Stage

Prenatal stage (weeks 3-8) where major organ systems begin to form.

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Fetal Stage

Prenatal stage (weeks 9-40) where the fetus grows and develops extensively in preparation for birth.

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FAS Facial Feature: Head Size

Babies with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) often have a smaller than average head circumference.

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FAS Facial Feature: Eyes

FAS can cause smaller than average eye openings and skin folds at the corners of the eyes.

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FAS Facial Feature: Nose

FAS often results in a low nasal bridge and a short nose.

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FAS Facial Feature: Midface

Babies with FAS often have a smaller than average midface.

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FAS Facial Feature: Lip and Philtrum

FAS can cause a thin upper lip and an indistinct philtrum.

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Newborn Reflexes: Importance

Newborn reflexes are inborn automatic responses that help babies survive until they develop more complex behaviors.

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Piaget's Cognitive Stages: Sensorimotor

The sensorimotor stage (0-2 years) is when infants learn through reflexes, senses, and motor actions.

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Piaget's Cognitive Stages: Preoperational

During the preoperational stage (2-7 years), children develop language and start thinking symbolically, but remain egocentric.

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Sensory Receptors

Specialized neurons that respond to specific types of stimuli, such as light, sound, or touch.

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Transduction

The process of converting sensory stimulus energy into an action potential, which can be understood by the brain.

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Perception

The process of organizing, interpreting, and consciously experiencing sensory information.

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Bottom-up Processing

Perceptions are built from sensory input, starting with basic features and building up to a complete understanding.

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Top-down Processing

Our interpretation of sensations is influenced by knowledge, experiences, and thoughts.

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Absolute Threshold

The minimum amount of energy a person can detect.

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Sensory Adaptation

Our senses adjust to different stimuli over time.

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Habituation

A decreased response to something that occurs over time.

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Retrieval

The process of bringing information from long-term memory back to conscious awareness.

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Recall

Retrieving information from memory without any cues.

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Recognition

Identifying learned information after encountering it again.

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Relearning

Learning information previously learned, but may have been forgotten.

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Elaborative Rehearsal

Connecting new information to existing knowledge in your memory.

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Proactive Interference

Old information interfering with learning new information.

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Decay Theory

Theory that forgetting happens due to fading memory traces over time.

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Anxiety Disorders

Characterized by persistent fear, anxiety, and behavioral disturbances.

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What is a phobia?

A persistent and excessive fear of a specific object or situation, causing significant distress and avoidance.

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What are the defining characteristics of panic disorder?

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks, followed by at least one month of persistent worry about future attacks, their consequences, or changes in behavior related to the attacks.

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What are some common symptoms of a panic attack?

Accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling, choking sensation, hot flashes or chills, dizziness, fear of losing control, fear of dying.

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What defines a manic episode?

A distinct period of abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood with increased activity or energy lasting at least a week.

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What is Dissociative Amnesia?

Inability to recall important personal information, typically following a traumatic or stressful event.

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What is Dissociative Fugue?

Sudden wandering from home, confusion about identity, and potentially adopting a new identity.

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What is dementia?

A decline in cognitive function, affecting memory, thinking, and behavior, caused by organic factors.

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What is the difference between unipolar and bipolar disorder?

Unipolar disorder is characterized by persistently sad mood, while bipolar disorder involves mood swings between depression and mania.

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Study Notes

General Psychology - Schools of Thought

  • Structuralism: First school of thought, proposed by Wilhelm Wundt.

  • Wundt established the first psychological lab at Leipzig, Germany.

  • Key figures include Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener.

  • Focused on the internal workings of the mind.

  • Functionalism: Heavily influenced by William James.

  • Emphasizes the function of the mind and behavior in adapting to the environment.

  • Focuses on overt behavior over covert behavior.

  • Behaviorism: Proposed by John B. Watson.

  • Suggests behavior is explained by environmental forces, not internal forces.

  • Gestalt: Proposed by Max Wertheimer, originating in Germany and Austria in the 19th century.

  • Emphasizes the whole experience rather than parts.

  • Psychoanalysis: Founded by Sigmund Freud.

  • Emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior.

  • Key figures include: Anne Freud, Erik Erikson, Karen Horney, Otto Rank, and Alfred Adler.

  • Humanistic: Founded by Carl Rogers.

  • Emphasizes free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization, contrasting psychoanalysis and behaviorism.

  • Cognitive: Studies mental processes.

The Scientific Method

  • A method of acquiring knowledge.
  • Involves formulating specific questions and systematically finding answers.
  • Steps:
    • Conceptualizing a problem
    • Collecting data
    • Analyzing data
    • Drawing conclusions

Research Design and Strategy

  • Descriptive Research: Various methods to describe a phenomenon or behavior.

    • Naturalistic observation
    • Case study
    • Correlation research

  • Experimental Research : A controlled study where variables are manipulated.

  • Quasi-Experimental: Research that lacks random assignment of participants to conditions but still tests cause-and-effect relationships.

Biopsychology - The Nervous System

  • The nervous system is the electrochemical communication network in the body.
  • Made up of billions of neurons.
  • Neuroscience is the study of the structure and function of the nervous system.

Neuron Structure

  • Neuron: A small information processor.
  • Dendrites: Receive signals from other neurons.
  • Soma: Cell body.
  • Axon: Major extension from the soma.
  • Terminal buttons: Release neurotransmitters.
  • Synapse: Tiny junctions between neurons.
  • Myelin sheath: Fatty insulation on axons, making signal transmission efficient.

Neurotransmitters and Behavior

  • Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers.
  • Affect behavior.
  • Examples: Acetylcholine, Beta-endorphins, Dopamine, GABA, Norepinephrine, Glutamate, and Serotonin.
  • Psychoactive drugs (e.g., agonists, antagonists):
    • Agonist: Mimics or enhances a neurotransmitter’s effect.
    • Antagonist: Blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter’s effect.
  • Affect neurotransmitter balance.

Lifespan Development

  • Pattern of change in human capabilities from conception to death.
  • Three main developmental domains:
    • Physical
    • Cognitive
    • Psychosocial

Prenatal Development

  • Stages:
    • Germinal (Weeks 1-2)
    • Embryonic (Weeks 3-8)
    • Fetal (Weeks 9-40)
  • Teratogens: Environmental agents that can harm the fetus.
  • Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): Characterized by various facial features and developmental problems.

Stages of Sleep

  • Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) stages: N1, N2, N3. Characterized by distinct brain wave patterns.
  • Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep: Associated with dreaming.
  • Brain wave patterns change during these stages.

Cognitive Development

  • Preoperational (2-7): Emergence of language, thinking is egocentric.
  • Concrete Operational (7-11): Much more adept at using logic, thinking is more concrete, literal.
  • Formal Operational (12+): Increased logic, deductive reasoning, and abstract thought.

Sensation and Perception

  • Sensation: Detecting sensory inputs; sensory receptors convert sensory stimulus energy to action potential.
  • Perception: Organizing and interpreting information from the senses.
  • Bottom-up processing (building from sensory input).
  • Top-down processing (using prior knowledge and experiences to interpret input)
  • Sensory adaptation: Senses adjusting to consistent stimuli.
  • Habituation: Response decreases over time when stimuli is consistent over time.

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Explore the fundamental schools of thought in psychology, including Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism, Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Humanistic psychology. This quiz examines the key figures and concepts that shaped these foundational theories. Test your understanding of how these perspectives influence the study of the mind and behavior.

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