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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the placenta during prenatal development?
What is the primary function of the placenta during prenatal development?
During which stage of prenatal development does the zygote implant itself into the uterine lining?
During which stage of prenatal development does the zygote implant itself into the uterine lining?
What term refers to any environmental agent that can cause damage to a developing embryo or fetus?
What term refers to any environmental agent that can cause damage to a developing embryo or fetus?
Which phase marks the formation of a recognizable human shape as the fetus develops?
Which phase marks the formation of a recognizable human shape as the fetus develops?
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Which of the following statements about mitosis during prenatal development is accurate?
Which of the following statements about mitosis during prenatal development is accurate?
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Who established the first psychological laboratory?
Who established the first psychological laboratory?
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Which school of thought emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior?
Which school of thought emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior?
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Which approach focuses on free will and self-actualization?
Which approach focuses on free will and self-actualization?
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What is the primary focus of Behaviorism?
What is the primary focus of Behaviorism?
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Which of the following is not a type of research design mentioned?
Which of the following is not a type of research design mentioned?
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Who is associated with the development of the Gestalt approach?
Who is associated with the development of the Gestalt approach?
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Which step is NOT part of the Scientific Method?
Which step is NOT part of the Scientific Method?
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Inferential statistics are used to:
Inferential statistics are used to:
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Which term describes the state of equilibrium in which biological conditions are maintained at optimal levels?
Which term describes the state of equilibrium in which biological conditions are maintained at optimal levels?
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What role does the sympathetic nervous system play in the body?
What role does the sympathetic nervous system play in the body?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with muscle action and memory?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with muscle action and memory?
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Which neurotransmitter is known to decrease anxiety and tension?
Which neurotransmitter is known to decrease anxiety and tension?
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What type of medication is designed to treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring balance to neurotransmitters?
What type of medication is designed to treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring balance to neurotransmitters?
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Which neurotransmitter is associated with mood, sleep, and appetite suppression?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with mood, sleep, and appetite suppression?
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Which term describes substances that block or impede the normal activity of a neurotransmitter?
Which term describes substances that block or impede the normal activity of a neurotransmitter?
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Which neurotransmitter is involved in learning and is known to enhance the learning process?
Which neurotransmitter is involved in learning and is known to enhance the learning process?
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What is the primary role of dendrites in a neuron?
What is the primary role of dendrites in a neuron?
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Which type of neuron carries sensory information to the brain?
Which type of neuron carries sensory information to the brain?
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What structure in a neuron contains synaptic vesicles?
What structure in a neuron contains synaptic vesicles?
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What is the function of the myelin sheath?
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
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What describes the resting potential of a neuron?
What describes the resting potential of a neuron?
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Which neurotransmitters make a receiving cell more likely to fire a signal?
Which neurotransmitters make a receiving cell more likely to fire a signal?
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What components make up the central nervous system (CNS)?
What components make up the central nervous system (CNS)?
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Which subdivision of the peripheral nervous system is involved in voluntary movements?
Which subdivision of the peripheral nervous system is involved in voluntary movements?
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What characterizes Stage 2 sleep?
What characterizes Stage 2 sleep?
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In which sleep stage is delta sleep primarily observed?
In which sleep stage is delta sleep primarily observed?
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What is the typical duration for short-term memory to hold information?
What is the typical duration for short-term memory to hold information?
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What type of memory involves knowledge about events personally experienced?
What type of memory involves knowledge about events personally experienced?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of REM sleep?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of REM sleep?
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What is the maximum capacity of short-term memory as proposed by George Miller?
What is the maximum capacity of short-term memory as proposed by George Miller?
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Which type of memory is involved in the conscious recall of information?
Which type of memory is involved in the conscious recall of information?
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What process helps in transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory?
What process helps in transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory?
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What characterizes a specific phobia?
What characterizes a specific phobia?
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Which symptom is NOT typical of a panic attack?
Which symptom is NOT typical of a panic attack?
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What distinguishes bipolar disorder from unipolar mood disorders?
What distinguishes bipolar disorder from unipolar mood disorders?
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Which condition involves sudden wandering away from home and confusion about identity?
Which condition involves sudden wandering away from home and confusion about identity?
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What is essential for diagnosing panic disorder?
What is essential for diagnosing panic disorder?
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What is one common symptom of a manic episode?
What is one common symptom of a manic episode?
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What type of disorder is characterized by a significant inability to recall personal information following a traumatic experience?
What type of disorder is characterized by a significant inability to recall personal information following a traumatic experience?
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Which of the following is a requirement for diagnosing generalized anxiety disorder?
Which of the following is a requirement for diagnosing generalized anxiety disorder?
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Study Notes
General Psychology
-
Schools of Thought:
- Structuralism: First school proposed by Wilhelm Wundt, focused on the inner workings of the mind. Major thinkers: Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener.
- Functionalism: Heavily influenced by William James, emphasizing the function of the mind in adapting.
- Behaviorism: Proposed by John B. Watson, suggesting all behaviors are explained by environmental forces rather than internal ones (focus on overt behavior).
- Gestalt: Originated in Germany/Austria in the 19th century. Believed behavior is a unified whole, not just separate parts.
- Psychoanalysis: Founded by Sigmund Freud; influenced by the unconscious mind. Key proponents include Anna Freud, Erik Erikson, Karen Horney, Otto Rank, and Alfred Adler.
- Humanistic: Founded by Carl Rogers. Contrasts psychoanalysis and behaviorism; focuses on free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization.
- Cognitive: Studies mental processes.
The Scientific Method
- Method for acquiring knowledge.
- Steps: Defining a problem, collecting data, analyzing, drawing conclusions.
Research Design and Strategy
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Descriptive Research:
- Naturalistic Observation: Observing behavior in natural settings.
- Case Study: In-depth study of a single person or case.
- Correlation Research: Studying the relationship between variables.
- Experimental Research: Determining cause-and-effect relationships; manipulating variables.
- Quasi-Experimental: Research not fully experimental but looks for a relationship between IV/DV.
Research Ethics
- Professional Responsibility to Society: Adhering to high ethical standards fostering social structures benefiting all people.
- Respect for Dignity of People: Recognizing diversity among individuals and peoples.
- Competence in Caring for Well-being of Persons and Peoples: Maximizing benefits, minimizing harm to individuals, families, groups, and communities.
- Confidentiality: Maintaining sensitive information.
Biopsychology
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Nervous System: Body's electrochemical communication system.
- Neuroscience: Study of the structure and function of the nervous system.
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Neuron Structure:
- Small information processors.
- Dendrites: Input sites, receive signals from other neurons.
- Soma: Cell body.
- Axon: Major extension, transmits signals electrically.
- Terminal Buttons: Contain synaptic vesicles (neurotransmitters).
- Synapse: Tiny junctions.
- Myelin Sheath: Fatty insulation, speeds signal transmission.
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Parts of the Nervous System:
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
- Peripheral Nervous System: Connects CNS to the body.
Subdivision of PNS
- Somatic Nervous System: Voluntary movements.
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Autonomic Nervous System: Involuntary processes, heart rate, digestion etc.
- Sympathetic: Stress response.
- Parasympathetic: Rest and rejuvenation
Neurotransmitters
- Acetylcholine: Muscle action, memory
- Beta-Endorphin: Pain, pleasure
- Dopamine: Mood, sleep, learning
- GABA: Brain function, sleep, decreased tension
- Glutamate: Memory, learning, increased learning
- Norepinephrine: Heart, intestines, alertness
- Serotonin: Mood, sleep.
Psychotropic Medications
- Chemicals that mimic neurotransmitters, restore balance.
- Agonist - mimics neurotransmitter behavior
- Antagonist - blocks a neurotransmitter from receptor
Lifespan Development
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Prenatal Development: Stages - Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal
- Teratogens: Agents causing damage to a developing embryo or fetus (alcohol, drugs).
- Infancy Through Childhood: Reflexes are important for survival.
- Adolescence: Puberty starts to emergence adulthood.
- Emerging Adulthood: Identity exploration.
- Adulthood: Early, middle, late stages each have developmental tasks.
Cognitive Development (Piaget)
- Sensorimotor (0-2): Experiences based on reflexes, senses and motor response.
- Preoperational (2-7): Language emerges; egocentric thinking.
- Concrete Operational (7-11): Develop logic.
- Formal Operational (12+): Abstract reasoning, deductive reasoning.
Sensation and Perception
- Sensation: Sensory receptors detecting stimuli; conversion to nerve impulses. Components: Cones & Rods and Hair cells.
- Perception: Interpreting sensory information based on experience, and knowledge. Bottom up vs Top down. Bottom-up: building perceptions from input; top-down: interpreting sensations using past experience.
- Sensory Receptors: Specialized neurons detecting specific stimuli.
-
Sensation Stages of Sleep:
- Non Rapid Eye Movement (NREM): most physiological functions are markedly lower than in wakefulness.
- Rapid Eye Movement (REM): Physiological activity levels similar to wakefulness.
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Memory: An information processing system.
- Sensory Memory: Brief storage of sensory events.
- Short-Term Memory (STM) : Temporary storage, processing, called working memory.
- Long-Term Memory (LTM) : Continuous storage, capacity is limitless.
Psychological Disorders
- Anxiety Disorders: Excessive, persistent fear and anxiety, related behavioral disturbances.
- Phobia: Excessive, distressing, persistent fear about a specific object or situation.
- Panic Disorder: Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks; worry about additional attacks and their consequences.
- Mood Disorders: Significant mood disturbances; affects daily life.
Dissociative Disorders
- Dissociative Amnesia: Inability to recall important personal information, usually due to trauma.
- Dissociative Fugue: Wandering; confusion about identity; adopting a new identity.
Figure 1: EEG Brain Waves during Sleep
- Different stages of sleep are characterized by different patterns of brain waves.
- Delta: Deep sleep, healing
- Theta: Deep meditation, REM sleep, dreaming
- Alpha: Light meditation, relaxation, creativity, information absorption
- Beta: problem-solving, focused attention, cognitive thinking
- Gamma: higher-level cognitive processing.
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Description
Explore the major schools of thought in General Psychology, including Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism, Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, Humanistic, and Cognitive perspectives. Understand their key proponents and foundational concepts that have shaped the field of psychology. This quiz will test your knowledge of these influential psychological theories.
