Psychology Retrieval Cues Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What does retrieval refer to?

Calling up a memory of something learned before (correct)

The process of encoding information

The inability to remember information

Forgetting information over time

What is the process of prior activation of nodes or associations, often without our awareness?

Priming

The environment in which you encode information is not helpful for retrieval.

False

What effect describes the tendency to remember the first few items on a list especially well?

Primacy effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well called?

Recency effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the method with extra clues to help remember words while still requiring an answer?

Cued recall Signup and view all the answers

Recognition is the most difficult form of recall.

False Signup and view all the answers

What happens if you learn something while in a certain state, like being drunk?

You are more likely to remember it when you are in the same state. Signup and view all the answers

The overall tendency to recall first few items well, last few items well, and middle items not so great is called the ______.

serial position effect Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Retrieval

Involves recalling memories learned previously using environmental cues.
Successful retrieval relies on recognizing associations between cues present at encoding and retrieval.
Engaging in retrieval brings information from long-term memory into conscious memory (working memory).
Everyday examples include recalling names, birthdays, or directions.

Priming

Activates related nodes/associations often without conscious awareness.
Example includes hearing "apple" leading to associating words starting with 'A'.
Exposure to a story about rabbits increases the likelihood of thinking of "hare" when hearing "hair."

Context

The environmental context during encoding and retrieval can enhance memory recall.
Studying in different locations provides multiple cues for retrieval.
Research shows individuals tested in the same environment where they learned perform better.
Example: Scuba divers learning information in water then tested in the same medium scored higher.

State Dependent

Memory is influenced by one’s emotional or physical state at encoding.
Example: Learning while intoxicated can facilitate recall in a similar state later.
Moods can serve as internal retrieval cues; negative moods can trigger past negative memories, potentially leading to a cycle of depression.
Advertisements often associate products with specific moods to enhance recall when in similar emotional states.

Free Recall

Involves recalling information without cues.
Tends to showcase the primacy effect (better recall of beginning items) and recency effect (better recall of final items).
Items in the middle of a list are typically harder to remember.
Known as the serial position curve, illustrating the tendency to recall items from the beginning and end of a list more effectively.

Primacy Effect

Describes the tendency to remember items at the start of a list particularly well.
This effect occurs due to better encoding of the early items.

Recency Effect

Highlights the tendency to remember items at the end of a list effectively.
However, this effect diminishes if an activity occurs after the list presentation.

Cued Recall

Provides additional clues to aid memory retrieval.
Extra cues enhance the likelihood of retrieving information compared to free recall.
Example: Given the cue "pl____" can lead to recalling "planet" more easily.

Recognition

The easiest form of memory test compared to free recall and cued recall.
Involves identifying previously encountered words from options presented.
High likelihood of correct retrieval, with an example being recognizing “fork” or “spoon.”

Description

Explore the concept of retrieval in psychology through flashcards. This quiz delves into how cues assist in recalling memories and the importance of associations formed during encoding. Test your knowledge on how memory retrieval works and the best types of cues for successful recall.