Memory Processes Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the process of acquiring information and transforming it into LTM?

Encoding

Which type of rehearsal involves repeating information without consideration of meaning or connection to other information?

Maintenance rehearsal

What type of coding is associated with STM?

Visual coding

Which type of rehearsal uses the meaning of what we already know to transfer information to LTM?

Elaborative rehearsal Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of transferring information from LTM to working memory?

Retrieval Signup and view all the answers

Which area coordinates communication between different regions in the cortex during memory formation?

The hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

What type of amnesia may someone with head trauma experience, leading to memory loss for events prior to the trauma?

Retrograde amnesia Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis questions the assumption that the hippocampus is only important at the beginning of consolidation?

Multiple trace hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of information can be established in the neocortex and survive damage to the hippocampus?

Semantic (gist) information Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory retrieval condition involves memory being better when the internal state during retrieval matches that during encoding?

State-dependent learning Signup and view all the answers

Which drug was administered to reactivate the person's memory for the traumatic event in the study by Brunet et al. (2008)?

Propranolol Signup and view all the answers

What does the spacing effect in learning refer to?

Distributed practice increasing memory performance Signup and view all the answers

What was the practical outcome of the reconsolidation study in relation to the treatment of PTSD?

Possible treatment of PTSD through memory unstoring Signup and view all the answers

What did Müller and Pilzecker's study on consolidation demonstrate?

Delaying the presentation of the second list disrupts memory consolidation for the first list Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Hupbach et al. (2007), which group showed smaller increases in heart rate and skin conductance when asked to remember the traumatic memory a week later?

Group A (listened to traumatic experience, then received propranolol) Signup and view all the answers

What did the researchers use as a form of exposure therapy to help deal with posttraumatic stress?

Virtual reality Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation?

Synaptic consolidation involves gradual reorganization of brain circuits, while systems consolidation occurs at synapses rapidly Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Hupbach et al. (2007), what happened to the 'Reminder' group on Day 3?

Recalled 36% of list 1 Signup and view all the answers

What does long-term potentiation (LTP) refer to?

Repeated stimulation makes synapse response more enhanced Signup and view all the answers

Which theory focuses on how information is encoded and its impact on memory retrieval?

Levels of Processing Theory by Craik & Lockhard Signup and view all the answers

Which study demonstrated that visual imagery aids encoding and memory recall?

Bower & Winzenz in 1970 Signup and view all the answers

Who showed that the self-reference effect enhances memory when words are linked to the self?

Rogers et al. in 1977 Signup and view all the answers

Which researchers demonstrated that organizing information aids memory recall?

Bower et al. in 1969 Signup and view all the answers

Who presented words to subjects and tested memory recall based on different question types?

Craik & Tulving in 1975 Signup and view all the answers

What effect describes the advantage of distinctive stimuli in memory encoding?

Von Restorff Effect Signup and view all the answers

What was the key finding of the study by Tulving & Pearlstone?

Cued recall with retrieval cues improves performance Signup and view all the answers

According to Mantyla's study, what type of retrieval cues was found to be most effective?

Cues created by the individual using them Signup and view all the answers

What does the retrieval practice effect demonstrate regarding memory retention?

Practicing retrieval through testing is more effective than re-reading Signup and view all the answers

Which recall procedure involves remembering information without explicit retrieval cues?

Free recall Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Organization, Comprehension, and Memory

The passage discusses the challenges of sending a message over a distance, considering factors like sound transmission, electricity, and instrument reliability.
Factors that aid encoding include the von Restorff Effect, which gives an advantage to distinctive stimuli, and relating words to survival value, as shown in a study comparing word learning groups.
The retrieval practice effect is explored, demonstrating that practicing retrieval through testing is more effective than re-reading for remembering materials.
The testing effect is highlighted, showing that being tested on material rather than re-reading it results in a stronger memory trace.
The richness of representations in memory and the process of transferring information from long-term memory (LTM) back into working memory are discussed as methods to aid encoding.
The importance of retrieval cues, stimuli that help remember information stored in memory, is emphasized, along with the two types of recall procedures: free recall and cued recall.
A study by Tulving & Pearlstone is referenced, showing that cued recall with retrieval cues resulted in increased performance compared to free recall.
The effectiveness of retrieval cues is further illustrated through a study by Mantyla, where cues created by the person using them were found to be the most effective.
The text concludes by emphasizing the importance of retrieval in memory, noting that most failures of memory are due to failures to retrieve, and highlighting the significance of retrieval cues and recall procedures in aiding memory retrieval.

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