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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of descriptive research?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method?
In the context of psychological research, what is a key characteristic of case studies?
Why is it important to distinguish correlation from causation in research?
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Which research method is most likely to be classified as descriptive?
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What does heart rate variability (HRV) primarily reflect in the body?
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Which method focuses on observing subjects without manipulating variables?
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What is a primary advantage of participant observation in research?
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What does the galvanic skin response (GSR) measure?
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In which situation might ethical considerations be particularly significant?
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How is internal validity generally affected in observational studies compared to experimental designs?
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What aspect does heat rate variability (HRV) specifically measure?
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Which of the following is NOT a common research design for data collection mentioned?
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What is a key characteristic of cross-sectional studies?
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Which of the following best describes a panel study?
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Which of the following is NOT a subtype of cross-sectional study?
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The significance of cross-sectional studies includes all the following EXCEPT:
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Which aspect does internal validity examine?
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In Campbell's identification of threats to validity, which of the following is mentioned?
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What is a common application of findings from prospective studies?
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Which of the following is true regarding external validity?
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What is a key consideration in selecting study participants for research?
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What must be disclosed to participants during the informed consent process?
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Which type of study involves testing medical treatments or interventions?
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In which type of research is data collected without intervention?
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What is the primary goal of informed consent in research?
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Which of the following is NOT typically disclosed during the informed consent process?
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What should participants be informed about regarding their participation in the study?
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Which of the following best describes observational studies?
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What is the primary purpose of the Animal Welfare Act (AWA)?
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What role do Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC) play in animal research?
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Which type of third variable explains the relationship between independent and dependent variables?
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What does the 3Rs framework primarily aim to achieve?
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What is the focus of translational research?
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Which animal is NOT commonly used in animal studies?
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What is required to ensure accurate data collection in animal studies?
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What is a key responsibility of researchers during a study involving animals?
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In the context of animal research, what is 'Baseline Health Monitoring' primarily focused on?
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What is a suppressor variable?
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What is the primary goal of conducting toxicology studies?
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What type of research primarily seeks to gain broad biological insights rather than immediate applications?
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Which aspect is NOT part of the housing and care standards for research animals?
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Study Notes
Biological Research
- Scientific study of psychology
- Studies the brain and nervous system
3 Main Types of Psychological Research
- Descriptive Research
- Observational Research
- Experimental Research
Standards of the Scientific Method
- Observation
- Question
- Hypothesis
- Experiment
- Analysis
Heat Rate Variability (HRV)
- Measures the time variation between heartbeats, reflecting autonomic nervous system's regulation of heart function
- Indicates the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
- Measured using sensors or wearable devices
Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)
- Measures changes in skin conductance due to sweat gland activity
- Reflects arousal and emotional responses
Descriptive Research
- Focuses on the present
- Has no hypotheses
- Addresses who, what, where, and when
- Often objective and quantitative
Conducting Descriptive Research
- Surveys
- Observations
- Case studies
Case Studies
- Conducted through interviews, self-reports
- Often focus on individuals with unique conditions like Schizophrenia
- Examines physiological responses
Common Research Designs and Data Collection Methods
- Observational
- Quasi-Experimental
- Self-Inventory
- Survey
- Twin Study
Observational Study
- Researcher observes and records behavior, events, or phenomena without manipulating or controlling variables
- Allows researchers to study subjects in their natural environment or a structured setting
- Goal: Understand behaviors or interactions as they occur naturally
Participant Observation
- Researcher becomes actively involved in the group or situation they are studying
- Can be overt (participants are aware) or covert (participants are unaware)
Naturalistic Observation
- Researcher actively engages in the group or situation studied
- They identify and quantify disease risk factors, aiding in prevention strategies
Policy and Practice
- Findings from prospective studies inform public health policies and clinical practices, contributing to better health outcomes
Cross-Sectional Study
- Type of observational research that analyzes information about a population at a specific point in time
- Measures the prevalence of an outcome of interest
Significance of Cross-Sectional Studies
- Provides a snapshot of a population
- Useful for public health
- Efficient and cost-effective
- Helps identify associations
- Baseline for further research
Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies
- Descriptive cross-sectional studies
- Analytical cross-sectional studies
Panel Study
- Type of longitudinal research collecting data from the same group or "panel" at multiple points in time
- Allows researchers to observe changes and trends within the same subjects
- Provides insights into behaviors, opinions, and other variables
Third Variable
- Can influence the relationship between independent and dependent variables in a study
- Introduces bias or masks the true relationship
Types of Third Variables
- Mediator
- Moderator
- Suppressor
Analysis of Non-Experimental Designs
- Multiple Regression
Multiple Regression
- Statistical technique that predicts a dependent variable based on multiple independent variables
- Useful for examining the relative importance of different predictors in explaining an outcome
Translational Research
- Combines laboratory science and clinical medicine to develop novel therapeutics to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease
Toxicology Studies
- Studies how natural or man-made poisons cause undesirable effects in living organisms
Behavioral Studies
- Studies observe animal behavior to understand psychological phenomena applicable to humans
Common Species Used in Animal Study
- Mice (Mus musculus)
- Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
- Fish
- Birds
- Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)
- Rabbits
- Nonhuman primates
- Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)
- Cats (Felis catus)
- Clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)
Conducting Animal Research
- Animal studies are governed by strict guidelines to ensure ethical treatment of animals and the integrity of the study
Planning and Approval Process
- Proposal Development
- Informed Consent
- Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC)
Proposal Development
- Outlines the study’s objectives, methodology, and justification for using animals
Informed Consent
- Process of informing potential research participants about a study
- Communication can be face-to-face, via mail, phone, video, or fax
- Participants should have ample opportunity to ask questions and seek clarification, freely decide whether to enroll or withdraw, and ensure all critical study information is disclosed and understood for informed choices
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC)
- Oversee animal research in universities and laboratories
- Review research proposals
- Ensure minimization of pain and distress
- Monitor animal care
- Provide education
- Report non-compliance
3Rs Framework
- Replacement
- Reduction
- Refinement
Replacement
- Encourages finding alternatives to animal testing
Reduction
- Focuses on minimizing the number of animals used
Refinement
- Aims to enhance animal welfare by refining procedures to minimize pain, suffering, and distress
Types of Animal Study Research
- Basic Research
- Translational Research
- Toxicology studies
- Behavioral Studies
- Regulatory Compliance
Basic Research
- Aims to gain a comprehensive understanding of biological processes without immediate practical applications
Translational Research
- Evaluates potential harm and whether the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) are considered
Regulatory Compliance
- Ensures compliance with national and international animal welfare laws, like the AWA
Implementation of the Study
- Housing and care for animals must meet strict standards to promote their wellbeing, including: adequate space, environment enrichment, health monitoring, monitoring and reporting
Observation During the Study
- Animals must be regularly monitored for signs of distress, illness, or pain to ensure humane treatment
- Address any sign of suffering immediately
Accurate Data Collection
- Observations help ensure data is valid and reliable
Reporting of Events
- Unexpected outcomes including injury, illness, or death of animals must be reported to oversight bodies
Types of Human Subject Research
- Clinical trials
- Observational Studies
Clinical Trials
- Research studies test medical, surgical, or behavioral interventions in people
- Essential for determining if new treatments or preventions (e.g., drugs, diets, medical devices like pacemakers) are safe and effective
Observational Studies
- Used to answer a research question by observing natural behaviors or events without manipulating any variables
- Researchers collect data without intervention
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of psychological research methods, including descriptive, observational, and experimental research techniques. Additionally, it explores physiological measures such as heat rate variability and galvanic skin response, emphasizing the importance of the scientific method. Test your knowledge on these essential concepts in psychology research.