Podcast
Questions and Answers
What aspect of psychology does the psychoanalytic approach primarily focus on?
What aspect of psychology does the psychoanalytic approach primarily focus on?
- Unconscious motives and childhood experiences (correct)
- Biochemical influences on behavior
- Observable behaviors and their consequences
- The impact of visual perceptions on decision-making
Which psychological approach emphasizes the role of natural selection in behavior?
Which psychological approach emphasizes the role of natural selection in behavior?
- Biopsychosocial Approach
- Behavioral Psychology
- Cognitive Psychology
- Evolutionary Psychology (correct)
What distinguishes the humanistic approach from other psychological perspectives?
What distinguishes the humanistic approach from other psychological perspectives?
- Belief in the potential for personal growth (correct)
- Emphasis on unconscious processes
- Focus on observable behavior and stimuli
- Analysis of cultural influences on behavior
Which of the following statements best describes the biopsychosocial approach in psychology?
Which of the following statements best describes the biopsychosocial approach in psychology?
Which psychological perspective investigates how culture and environment influence behavior?
Which psychological perspective investigates how culture and environment influence behavior?
What type of reinforcement occurs when something pleasant is added to increase a behavior?
What type of reinforcement occurs when something pleasant is added to increase a behavior?
In which type of partial reinforcement is the reinforcement provided after a set number of responses?
In which type of partial reinforcement is the reinforcement provided after a set number of responses?
What term describes the process of acquiring new behaviors by observing the actions of others?
What term describes the process of acquiring new behaviors by observing the actions of others?
Which method of reinforcement provides rewards after a random amount of time has elapsed?
Which method of reinforcement provides rewards after a random amount of time has elapsed?
What is the term for a stimulus that initially does not elicit a response but becomes associated with a primary reinforcer?
What is the term for a stimulus that initially does not elicit a response but becomes associated with a primary reinforcer?
What is the primary goal of using positive punishment?
What is the primary goal of using positive punishment?
Which of the following exemplifies negative punishment?
Which of the following exemplifies negative punishment?
What term describes the process of learning behaviors by observing others?
What term describes the process of learning behaviors by observing others?
What does the term cognitive map refer to in behavioral psychology?
What does the term cognitive map refer to in behavioral psychology?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the effects of punishment?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the effects of punishment?
Which theory explains the perception of colors through the processing of opposing colors?
Which theory explains the perception of colors through the processing of opposing colors?
What physiological process is involved in converting sound waves into neural impulses?
What physiological process is involved in converting sound waves into neural impulses?
Which of the following is NOT a type of perceptual constancy?
Which of the following is NOT a type of perceptual constancy?
Which term describes the learning phenomenon that occurs when a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned response?
Which term describes the learning phenomenon that occurs when a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned response?
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction?
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction?
What is the primary function of the semicircular canals within the inner ear?
What is the primary function of the semicircular canals within the inner ear?
What distinguishes conduction hearing loss from sensorineural hearing loss?
What distinguishes conduction hearing loss from sensorineural hearing loss?
What is the correct sequence of events in Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment involving dogs?
What is the correct sequence of events in Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment involving dogs?
What happens during the acquisition phase of classical conditioning?
What happens during the acquisition phase of classical conditioning?
What is the primary factor that distinguishes loud sounds from softer sounds?
What is the primary factor that distinguishes loud sounds from softer sounds?
How does sound localization work in humans?
How does sound localization work in humans?
What type of hearing loss can be corrected through surgery?
What type of hearing loss can be corrected through surgery?
What is the main role of olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity?
What is the main role of olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity?
Which of the following sensations does NOT constitute a basic taste sensation?
Which of the following sensations does NOT constitute a basic taste sensation?
Which theory explains how pain signals are processed in relation to distraction?
Which theory explains how pain signals are processed in relation to distraction?
What condition describes the sensation of a limb that has been amputated?
What condition describes the sensation of a limb that has been amputated?
What utilizes hair-like receptors to monitor head position and movement?
What utilizes hair-like receptors to monitor head position and movement?
What phenomenon occurs when sensory input from one sense influences another, such as taste and smell?
What phenomenon occurs when sensory input from one sense influences another, such as taste and smell?
What is a characteristic feature of a supertaster compared to an average taster?
What is a characteristic feature of a supertaster compared to an average taster?
What stage of sleep is characterized by hypnagogic sensations?
What stage of sleep is characterized by hypnagogic sensations?
Which sleep disorder leads to brief and uncontrollable sleep attacks during the daytime?
Which sleep disorder leads to brief and uncontrollable sleep attacks during the daytime?
What term refers to the smallest amount of noticeable difference between two stimuli?
What term refers to the smallest amount of noticeable difference between two stimuli?
Which of the following accurately describes longitudinal research?
Which of the following accurately describes longitudinal research?
Which principle indicates that the difference threshold is proportional to the initial intensity of the stimulus?
Which principle indicates that the difference threshold is proportional to the initial intensity of the stimulus?
What does the term 'random assignment' refer to in experimental research?
What does the term 'random assignment' refer to in experimental research?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the eye's structure?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the eye's structure?
In correlational research, what does a correlation coefficient of r = -0.90 indicate?
In correlational research, what does a correlation coefficient of r = -0.90 indicate?
What does the process of phototransduction involve?
What does the process of phototransduction involve?
What is the primary function of rods in the retina?
What is the primary function of rods in the retina?
What ethical consideration allows researchers to use deception in experiments?
What ethical consideration allows researchers to use deception in experiments?
Which part of a neuron is primarily responsible for transmitting electrical signals?
Which part of a neuron is primarily responsible for transmitting electrical signals?
Which monocular depth cue involves the perception of smaller images as being further away?
Which monocular depth cue involves the perception of smaller images as being further away?
What do Gestalt principles help with in perception?
What do Gestalt principles help with in perception?
What defines psychometrics in psychological research?
What defines psychometrics in psychological research?
Which of the following correctly defines the term 'extraneous variable'?
Which of the following correctly defines the term 'extraneous variable'?
Which stage of sleep is primarily associated with dreaming?
Which stage of sleep is primarily associated with dreaming?
What happens during sensory adaptation?
What happens during sensory adaptation?
What does the term 'confounding variable' imply in the context of experimentation?
What does the term 'confounding variable' imply in the context of experimentation?
What does the term 'figure-ground' refer to in perception?
What does the term 'figure-ground' refer to in perception?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of qualitative research methods?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of qualitative research methods?
What role do terminal branches play in neuron function?
What role do terminal branches play in neuron function?
Which of the following best describes 'top-down processing'?
Which of the following best describes 'top-down processing'?
What kind of neural impulse conversion occurs in the retina when light hits the photoreceptors?
What kind of neural impulse conversion occurs in the retina when light hits the photoreceptors?
Which of the following best describes the Hawthorne effect?
Which of the following best describes the Hawthorne effect?
What is the primary purpose of conducting a cost-benefit analysis in research involving human participants?
What is the primary purpose of conducting a cost-benefit analysis in research involving human participants?
What is the primary function of glial cells in the nervous system?
What is the primary function of glial cells in the nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the perception of pain?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the perception of pain?
How does the operational definition of a variable enhance research methodology?
How does the operational definition of a variable enhance research methodology?
What would be the consequence of a degenerated myelin sheath?
What would be the consequence of a degenerated myelin sheath?
Which component of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements?
Which component of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements?
Damage to which part of the brain is likely to be fatal due to its control over essential life functions?
Damage to which part of the brain is likely to be fatal due to its control over essential life functions?
What is the main difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
What is the main difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
Which brain region is primarily involved in emotions and long-term memory?
Which brain region is primarily involved in emotions and long-term memory?
What function is associated with the temporal lobes?
What function is associated with the temporal lobes?
What is the significance of neuroplasticity in the brain?
What is the significance of neuroplasticity in the brain?
Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for judgment, planning, and problem-solving?
Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for judgment, planning, and problem-solving?
Which theory explains the ability to focus on one conversation in a noisy environment?
Which theory explains the ability to focus on one conversation in a noisy environment?
What is Broca's aphasia primarily characterized by?
What is Broca's aphasia primarily characterized by?
What physiological responses are controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
What physiological responses are controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
Which part of the brain is primarily involved in coordinating balance and fine motor skills?
Which part of the brain is primarily involved in coordinating balance and fine motor skills?
Which type of memory involves retaining learned skills without conscious awareness?
Which type of memory involves retaining learned skills without conscious awareness?
Which brain area is primarily responsible for the processing of touch, pressure, and pain sensations?
Which brain area is primarily responsible for the processing of touch, pressure, and pain sensations?
What does the spacing effect refer to in terms of learning?
What does the spacing effect refer to in terms of learning?
What is a characteristic of shallow processing during memory encoding?
What is a characteristic of shallow processing during memory encoding?
What function is predominantly associated with the left hemisphere of the brain?
What function is predominantly associated with the left hemisphere of the brain?
Which type of brain imaging technique primarily measures the brain's electrical activity?
Which type of brain imaging technique primarily measures the brain's electrical activity?
Which best describes the recency effect in memory recall?
Which best describes the recency effect in memory recall?
Which statement describes proactive interference?
Which statement describes proactive interference?
What is the primary role of Wernicke’s area in the brain?
What is the primary role of Wernicke’s area in the brain?
What do algorithms guarantee in problem-solving?
What do algorithms guarantee in problem-solving?
Which statement best describes neurogenesis?
Which statement best describes neurogenesis?
Which type of psychologist specializes in helping individuals cope with daily problems?
Which type of psychologist specializes in helping individuals cope with daily problems?
In the context of brain lateralization, which activity is primarily associated with the right hemisphere?
In the context of brain lateralization, which activity is primarily associated with the right hemisphere?
Which structure is crucial for connecting the right and left hemispheres of the brain?
Which structure is crucial for connecting the right and left hemispheres of the brain?
Which term refers to the vivid memory associated with significant personal events?
Which term refers to the vivid memory associated with significant personal events?
What characterizes the sympathetic nervous system's response?
What characterizes the sympathetic nervous system's response?
What does the concept of a prototype involve?
What does the concept of a prototype involve?
Which brain structure is involved in auditory processing?
Which brain structure is involved in auditory processing?
What is the primary distinction between crystallized and fluid intelligence?
What is the primary distinction between crystallized and fluid intelligence?
Which type of test is designed to predict a person's future performance?
Which type of test is designed to predict a person's future performance?
Which technique is most useful for examining brain function through blood flow measurements?
Which technique is most useful for examining brain function through blood flow measurements?
Which method is considered a disadvantage of naturalistic observation?
Which method is considered a disadvantage of naturalistic observation?
What is the consequence of damage to the occipital lobes?
What is the consequence of damage to the occipital lobes?
Which component of the nervous system controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles?
Which component of the nervous system controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles?
What does the term 'hindsight bias' refer to?
What does the term 'hindsight bias' refer to?
What is the main purpose of operational definitions in research?
What is the main purpose of operational definitions in research?
What happens in the brain following severe sensory loss, such as blindness?
What happens in the brain following severe sensory loss, such as blindness?
How does the testing effect enhance memory retention?
How does the testing effect enhance memory retention?
What does a positive correlation signify?
What does a positive correlation signify?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using case studies?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using case studies?
Which component of the eye is responsible for allowing light to enter?
Which component of the eye is responsible for allowing light to enter?
What is the role of the bipolar cells in the visual system?
What is the role of the bipolar cells in the visual system?
Which type of research primarily focuses on the manipulation of variables?
Which type of research primarily focuses on the manipulation of variables?
How does dark adaptation occur in the human eye?
How does dark adaptation occur in the human eye?
What is the major flaw associated with the Hawthorne effect?
What is the major flaw associated with the Hawthorne effect?
Which of the following best describes the concept of confounding variables?
Which of the following best describes the concept of confounding variables?
Which theory explains the perception of color through three different receptors in the retina?
Which theory explains the perception of color through three different receptors in the retina?
What visual processing is primarily managed by feature detectors in the visual cortex?
What visual processing is primarily managed by feature detectors in the visual cortex?
What is social desirability bias?
What is social desirability bias?
Which depth cue primarily relies on both eyes to perceive distance?
Which depth cue primarily relies on both eyes to perceive distance?
What does standard deviation measure in data analysis?
What does standard deviation measure in data analysis?
What does the opponent-process theory suggest about color perception?
What does the opponent-process theory suggest about color perception?
What is the primary function of GABA in the nervous system?
What is the primary function of GABA in the nervous system?
In experimental research, what is the dependent variable?
In experimental research, what is the dependent variable?
Which behavior demonstrates the principle of closure in Gestalt psychology?
Which behavior demonstrates the principle of closure in Gestalt psychology?
Which of the following is NOT a principle of ethical research?
Which of the following is NOT a principle of ethical research?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily linked to mood regulation and is often low in individuals with depression?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily linked to mood regulation and is often low in individuals with depression?
What occurs when a neurotransmitter like dopamine is in excess?
What occurs when a neurotransmitter like dopamine is in excess?
What is a primary challenge of survey research?
What is a primary challenge of survey research?
In which location of the brain is visual information primarily processed?
In which location of the brain is visual information primarily processed?
Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements?
Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements?
What does the term
What does the term
Why do rods enable us to see in dim light?
Why do rods enable us to see in dim light?
Which of these describes a skewed distribution?
Which of these describes a skewed distribution?
What effect does an antagonist have on neurotransmitter activity?
What effect does an antagonist have on neurotransmitter activity?
How do we perceive depth using the monocular cue of relative clarity?
How do we perceive depth using the monocular cue of relative clarity?
What visual theory explains the inability to see colors normally due to cone dysfunction?
What visual theory explains the inability to see colors normally due to cone dysfunction?
Which brain structure is involved in processing declarative memories for long-term storage?
Which brain structure is involved in processing declarative memories for long-term storage?
What is the primary role of the corpus callosum?
What is the primary role of the corpus callosum?
Which factor does NOT contribute to the brain’s ability to process visual stimuli holistically?
Which factor does NOT contribute to the brain’s ability to process visual stimuli holistically?
What happens when one stares at a green object and then quickly at a white surface under opponent-process theory?
What happens when one stares at a green object and then quickly at a white surface under opponent-process theory?
What defines neuroplasticity in the nervous system?
What defines neuroplasticity in the nervous system?
In the context of drug classifications, what is a common effect of stimulants on the brain?
In the context of drug classifications, what is a common effect of stimulants on the brain?
Which brain imaging technique allows for the visualization of active brain areas through blood flow?
Which brain imaging technique allows for the visualization of active brain areas through blood flow?
What is the primary role of endorphins in the body?
What is the primary role of endorphins in the body?
Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing visual information?
Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing visual information?
Which area of the brain is crucial for speech production?
Which area of the brain is crucial for speech production?
Which neurotransmitter's undersupply is linked to seizures?
Which neurotransmitter's undersupply is linked to seizures?
Which process describes the role of background knowledge in interpreting sensory information?
Which process describes the role of background knowledge in interpreting sensory information?
What is the smallest change in a stimulus that can be detected called?
What is the smallest change in a stimulus that can be detected called?
Which term refers to the theory that explains color perception through opposing color pairs?
Which term refers to the theory that explains color perception through opposing color pairs?
What is the primary role of glial cells in the nervous system?
What is the primary role of glial cells in the nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the regulation of mood and sleep?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the regulation of mood and sleep?
Which part of the eye is responsible for adjusting to light conditions by changing size?
Which part of the eye is responsible for adjusting to light conditions by changing size?
What distinguishes sensory neurons from motor neurons?
What distinguishes sensory neurons from motor neurons?
Which type of memory is characterized by retaining information for a long period, with seemingly limitless capacity?
Which type of memory is characterized by retaining information for a long period, with seemingly limitless capacity?
What phenomenon describes the phenomenon of feeling pain in an amputated limb?
What phenomenon describes the phenomenon of feeling pain in an amputated limb?
Which neurotransmitter is often linked to reward and motivation in the brain?
Which neurotransmitter is often linked to reward and motivation in the brain?
What is the effect of a deficit in acetylcholine (ACh) on the body?
What is the effect of a deficit in acetylcholine (ACh) on the body?
Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for initial visual processing?
Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for initial visual processing?
What role do endorphins play in the human body?
What role do endorphins play in the human body?
What term describes the mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people?
What term describes the mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people?
In operant conditioning, what refers to an event that strengthens or weakens behaviors?
In operant conditioning, what refers to an event that strengthens or weakens behaviors?
What does an antagonist do in terms of neurotransmitter activity?
What does an antagonist do in terms of neurotransmitter activity?
What type of intelligence tends to increase with age?
What type of intelligence tends to increase with age?
How does the availability heuristic differ from representative heuristic?
How does the availability heuristic differ from representative heuristic?
Which theory predicts that our perception of light and sound is based on the arrangement of sensory receptors?
Which theory predicts that our perception of light and sound is based on the arrangement of sensory receptors?
What is the impact of sleep deprivation on hormonal levels in the body?
What is the impact of sleep deprivation on hormonal levels in the body?
Which of the following best describes divergent thinking?
Which of the following best describes divergent thinking?
What is the primary cause of sensorineural hearing loss?
What is the primary cause of sensorineural hearing loss?
In problem-solving, what factor distinguishes an algorithm from a heuristic?
In problem-solving, what factor distinguishes an algorithm from a heuristic?
Which of the following refers to the ability to recognize faces?
Which of the following refers to the ability to recognize faces?
Which statement correctly describes the circadian rhythm?
Which statement correctly describes the circadian rhythm?
Which mechanism provides the structure that organizes and interprets information?
Which mechanism provides the structure that organizes and interprets information?
What does the Flynn Effect primarily demonstrate?
What does the Flynn Effect primarily demonstrate?
What characterizes narcolepsy?
What characterizes narcolepsy?
What does the Flynn effect indicate about IQ scores over time?
What does the Flynn effect indicate about IQ scores over time?
What is the purpose of a prototype in cognitive processing?
What is the purpose of a prototype in cognitive processing?
Which type of memory is characterized by the retention of facts and experiences?
Which type of memory is characterized by the retention of facts and experiences?
Which of the following best describes the function of norepinephrine in the nervous system?
Which of the following best describes the function of norepinephrine in the nervous system?
What primary functions are associated with the hypothalamus?
What primary functions are associated with the hypothalamus?
Which method encourages better long-term retention of information through distributed practice?
Which method encourages better long-term retention of information through distributed practice?
What is the primary focus of aptitude tests?
What is the primary focus of aptitude tests?
Which sleep disorder is linked with episodes of sudden awakening with intense fear?
Which sleep disorder is linked with episodes of sudden awakening with intense fear?
Which phenomenon involves the tendency to remember the information at the beginning of a list best?
Which phenomenon involves the tendency to remember the information at the beginning of a list best?
Which condition is characterized by the degradation of the myelin sheath?
Which condition is characterized by the degradation of the myelin sheath?
What is the effect of glutamate in the nervous system?
What is the effect of glutamate in the nervous system?
What does the pituitary gland primarily regulate?
What does the pituitary gland primarily regulate?
In the context of reliability and validity, what does 'split-half reliability' measure?
In the context of reliability and validity, what does 'split-half reliability' measure?
How does alcohol primarily affect the cerebellum?
How does alcohol primarily affect the cerebellum?
What does procedural memory primarily involve?
What does procedural memory primarily involve?
Which part of the brain is responsible for alerting the body during a dangerous situation?
Which part of the brain is responsible for alerting the body during a dangerous situation?
Which process is most closely associated with the activation of particular associations in memory?
Which process is most closely associated with the activation of particular associations in memory?
What type of intelligence is described as the ability to reason speedily and abstractly?
What type of intelligence is described as the ability to reason speedily and abstractly?
Which statement accurately describes REM sleep?
Which statement accurately describes REM sleep?
Which type of memory is most directly related to sensory input?
Which type of memory is most directly related to sensory input?
What is the primary role of the reticular formation in the brain?
What is the primary role of the reticular formation in the brain?
Which developmental change is typically seen in older adults regarding circadian rhythms?
Which developmental change is typically seen in older adults regarding circadian rhythms?
What is the term for organizing information into familiar, manageable units?
What is the term for organizing information into familiar, manageable units?
Which class of psychoactive drugs acts to speed up the central nervous system?
Which class of psychoactive drugs acts to speed up the central nervous system?
What type of validity assesses how well a test predicts behaviors it is supposed to predict?
What type of validity assesses how well a test predicts behaviors it is supposed to predict?
What is the role of the frontal lobe in cognitive functions?
What is the role of the frontal lobe in cognitive functions?
What is considered a vivid, enduring emotional memory of a personal experience?
What is considered a vivid, enduring emotional memory of a personal experience?
Which type of drug is characterized by its effect on perception and sensory experiences?
Which type of drug is characterized by its effect on perception and sensory experiences?
What is the primary difference between proactive interference and retroactive interference?
What is the primary difference between proactive interference and retroactive interference?
In classical conditioning, what role does the unconditioned stimulus (US) play?
In classical conditioning, what role does the unconditioned stimulus (US) play?
What defines spontaneous recovery in the context of conditioning?
What defines spontaneous recovery in the context of conditioning?
Which of the following best describes operant conditioning?
Which of the following best describes operant conditioning?
In the context of reinforcement schedules, what is a fixed ratio schedule?
In the context of reinforcement schedules, what is a fixed ratio schedule?
What is the concept of taste aversion in the context of conditioning?
What is the concept of taste aversion in the context of conditioning?
What is the purpose of higher-order conditioning?
What is the purpose of higher-order conditioning?
What does classical conditioning involve in terms of stimuli?
What does classical conditioning involve in terms of stimuli?
What occurs during the extinction phase of classical conditioning?
What occurs during the extinction phase of classical conditioning?
Which type of reinforcement strengthens a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus?
Which type of reinforcement strengthens a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus?
What is meant by generalization in classical conditioning?
What is meant by generalization in classical conditioning?
What does continuous reinforcement entail?
What does continuous reinforcement entail?
Which statement accurately describes a conditioned response (CR)?
Which statement accurately describes a conditioned response (CR)?
Which psychological approach posits that our behaviors are shaped by unconscious motives and childhood experiences?
Which psychological approach posits that our behaviors are shaped by unconscious motives and childhood experiences?
What is the main focus of the biological perspective in psychology?
What is the main focus of the biological perspective in psychology?
How does the evolutionary approach explain certain behaviors in humans?
How does the evolutionary approach explain certain behaviors in humans?
Which approach to psychology emphasizes the importance of personal growth and reaching one's full potential?
Which approach to psychology emphasizes the importance of personal growth and reaching one's full potential?
What is the central premise of the biopsychosocial approach in psychology?
What is the central premise of the biopsychosocial approach in psychology?
Which type of reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior?
Which type of reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior?
In operant conditioning, which term defines reinforcement that occurs after a random number of responses?
In operant conditioning, which term defines reinforcement that occurs after a random number of responses?
What is the term for a previously neutral stimulus that gains the ability to influence behavior after being associated with a primary reinforcer?
What is the term for a previously neutral stimulus that gains the ability to influence behavior after being associated with a primary reinforcer?
What is a key characteristic of observational learning as demonstrated by the Bobo doll experiment?
What is a key characteristic of observational learning as demonstrated by the Bobo doll experiment?
Which type of memory measurement focuses on the ability to retrieve previously stored information?
Which type of memory measurement focuses on the ability to retrieve previously stored information?
What is the main focus of applied research?
What is the main focus of applied research?
In a double-blind procedure, who remains unaware of the treatment assignments?
In a double-blind procedure, who remains unaware of the treatment assignments?
Which variable in an experiment is manipulated by the researcher?
Which variable in an experiment is manipulated by the researcher?
What does operational definition help researchers achieve?
What does operational definition help researchers achieve?
Which of the following best describes the range in statistics?
Which of the following best describes the range in statistics?
Which concept indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables?
Which concept indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables?
What is the role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) in research?
What is the role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) in research?
Which type of research design compares different age groups at a single point in time?
Which type of research design compares different age groups at a single point in time?
What is one potential issue when a researcher uses self-report surveys?
What is one potential issue when a researcher uses self-report surveys?
What does psychometrics focus on within psychology?
What does psychometrics focus on within psychology?
What phenomenon occurs when a reflex action bypasses conscious thought?
What phenomenon occurs when a reflex action bypasses conscious thought?
What influences the rate of neural transmission through the axon?
What influences the rate of neural transmission through the axon?
What describes the phenomenon where individuals change their behavior because they are aware of participating in a study?
What describes the phenomenon where individuals change their behavior because they are aware of participating in a study?
What psychological principle ensures that participants are randomly assigned to groups?
What psychological principle ensures that participants are randomly assigned to groups?
What term describes the ability to perceive the same color despite changes in lighting conditions?
What term describes the ability to perceive the same color despite changes in lighting conditions?
Which structure in the ear is primarily responsible for aiding in balance?
Which structure in the ear is primarily responsible for aiding in balance?
How does the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery occur in classical conditioning?
How does the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery occur in classical conditioning?
In the context of operant conditioning, which term best describes a stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior?
In the context of operant conditioning, which term best describes a stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior?
What type of learning occurs when food is associated with an illness, leading to avoidance of that food?
What type of learning occurs when food is associated with an illness, leading to avoidance of that food?
Which condition involves an involuntary, simultaneous perception across different senses, such as seeing colors when viewing numbers?
Which condition involves an involuntary, simultaneous perception across different senses, such as seeing colors when viewing numbers?
What causes conduction hearing loss?
What causes conduction hearing loss?
Which of the following best describes the process of acoustical transduction?
Which of the following best describes the process of acoustical transduction?
In the opponent-process theory, which pairs are considered oppositional colors?
In the opponent-process theory, which pairs are considered oppositional colors?
What is the role of amplitude in the perception of sound?
What is the role of amplitude in the perception of sound?
What is the primary effect of positive punishment in behavioral psychology?
What is the primary effect of positive punishment in behavioral psychology?
Which of the following examples illustrates negative punishment?
Which of the following examples illustrates negative punishment?
In the context of observational learning, what role does modeling play?
In the context of observational learning, what role does modeling play?
What does a cognitive map enable an individual to do?
What does a cognitive map enable an individual to do?
Which statement best describes the purpose of punishment in behavior modification?
Which statement best describes the purpose of punishment in behavior modification?
What happens if the myelin sheath is damaged?
What happens if the myelin sheath is damaged?
What is the primary difference between conduction hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss?
What is the primary difference between conduction hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss?
Which part of the brain is primarily involved in processing emotions and long-term memory?
Which part of the brain is primarily involved in processing emotions and long-term memory?
How does the auditory system facilitate sound localization?
How does the auditory system facilitate sound localization?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for activating pain perception?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for activating pain perception?
What is the role of an antagonist in relation to neurotransmitters?
What is the role of an antagonist in relation to neurotransmitters?
What role do olfactory receptors play in the sensation of smell?
What role do olfactory receptors play in the sensation of smell?
What is the purpose of the cochlear implant in individuals with sensorineural hearing loss?
What is the purpose of the cochlear implant in individuals with sensorineural hearing loss?
Which stage of sleep involves the first occurrence of rapid eye movement (REM)?
Which stage of sleep involves the first occurrence of rapid eye movement (REM)?
What is one major function of the corpus callosum in the brain?
What is one major function of the corpus callosum in the brain?
What is a characteristic of supertasters compared to non-tasters?
What is a characteristic of supertasters compared to non-tasters?
What the Gate Control Theory suggests regarding pain perception?
What the Gate Control Theory suggests regarding pain perception?
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response?
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response?
Which sensation is not considered one of the five basic taste modalities?
Which sensation is not considered one of the five basic taste modalities?
What is the primary function of the hippocampus in the brain?
What is the primary function of the hippocampus in the brain?
What is the primary function of the vestibular sense?
What is the primary function of the vestibular sense?
What neurological phenomenon occurs when the brain reorganizes itself after damage?
What neurological phenomenon occurs when the brain reorganizes itself after damage?
How often do taste buds regenerate?
How often do taste buds regenerate?
What is the main consequence of damage to the medulla?
What is the main consequence of damage to the medulla?
In which part of the brain is Wernicke's area located, and what is its function?
In which part of the brain is Wernicke's area located, and what is its function?
What is synesthesia characterized by?
What is synesthesia characterized by?
What fundamental role does the lateral hypothalamus play?
What fundamental role does the lateral hypothalamus play?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with enhancing learning and memory?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with enhancing learning and memory?
What does the concept of 'change blindness' refer to?
What does the concept of 'change blindness' refer to?
Which type of memory is characterized by the retention of learned skills and conditioned associations?
Which type of memory is characterized by the retention of learned skills and conditioned associations?
What does the serial position effect refer to in memory recall?
What does the serial position effect refer to in memory recall?
Which of the following describes a mood congruent memory?
Which of the following describes a mood congruent memory?
Which of the following best defines an algorithm in problem-solving?
Which of the following best defines an algorithm in problem-solving?
What factor distinguishes fluid intelligence from crystallized intelligence?
What factor distinguishes fluid intelligence from crystallized intelligence?
What is the testing effect in relation to learning and memory?
What is the testing effect in relation to learning and memory?
Which type of amnesia affects the ability to remember past events?
Which type of amnesia affects the ability to remember past events?
What does proactive interference interfere with?
What does proactive interference interfere with?
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of flashbulb memories?
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of flashbulb memories?
Which type of test is specifically designed to predict future performance?
Which type of test is specifically designed to predict future performance?
What does the term 'representative heuristic' refer to?
What does the term 'representative heuristic' refer to?
What is the primary function of mnemonics in memory retention?
What is the primary function of mnemonics in memory retention?
What is the role of acetylcholine in the body?
What is the role of acetylcholine in the body?
What characteristic is primarily associated with GABA?
What characteristic is primarily associated with GABA?
Which neurotransmitter is directly linked to the regulation of mood and hunger?
Which neurotransmitter is directly linked to the regulation of mood and hunger?
What happens to the brain when a person uses cocaine?
What happens to the brain when a person uses cocaine?
Which part of the brain is responsible for coordination of movements?
Which part of the brain is responsible for coordination of movements?
Which structure in the brain serves as a connection between the two hemispheres?
Which structure in the brain serves as a connection between the two hemispheres?
What is the consequence of an undersupply of serotonin?
What is the consequence of an undersupply of serotonin?
Which of the following statements about bottom-up processing is correct?
Which of the following statements about bottom-up processing is correct?
What is the primary function of the cornea in the visual system?
What is the primary function of the cornea in the visual system?
Which of the following describes the function of the hypothalamus?
Which of the following describes the function of the hypothalamus?
What effect does an antagonist have on neurotransmitters?
What effect does an antagonist have on neurotransmitters?
Which of the following best describes the role of ganglion cells in vision?
Which of the following best describes the role of ganglion cells in vision?
What is the effect of dark adaptation in human vision?
What is the effect of dark adaptation in human vision?
What is the main consequence of neuroplasticity in the nervous system?
What is the main consequence of neuroplasticity in the nervous system?
Which theory of color vision asserts that opposing color pairs are processed within the visual system?
Which theory of color vision asserts that opposing color pairs are processed within the visual system?
Which brain area is primarily responsible for processing declarative memory?
Which brain area is primarily responsible for processing declarative memory?
What is the primary function of endorphins in the brain?
What is the primary function of endorphins in the brain?
In the context of memory, what is the significance of chunking?
In the context of memory, what is the significance of chunking?
Which imaging technique generates images using powerful magnets?
Which imaging technique generates images using powerful magnets?
Which process involves the spinal cord blocking pain signals when an individual is distracted?
Which process involves the spinal cord blocking pain signals when an individual is distracted?
Which of the following describes the main role of feature detectors in the visual processing system?
Which of the following describes the main role of feature detectors in the visual processing system?
What is one effect of neurotoxins on neurotransmitters?
What is one effect of neurotoxins on neurotransmitters?
Which statement accurately differentiates sensorineural hearing loss from conduction hearing loss?
Which statement accurately differentiates sensorineural hearing loss from conduction hearing loss?
What is the primary purpose of olfaction in the human sensory system?
What is the primary purpose of olfaction in the human sensory system?
What concept refers to the smallest difference in stimulus intensity that can be detected?
What concept refers to the smallest difference in stimulus intensity that can be detected?
Which aspect of memory does the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve illustrate?
Which aspect of memory does the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve illustrate?
What stage of memory involves retrieving information from long-term storage?
What stage of memory involves retrieving information from long-term storage?
Which phenomenon occurs when the presence of a neutral stimulus leads to an automatic response after conditioning?
Which phenomenon occurs when the presence of a neutral stimulus leads to an automatic response after conditioning?
Which structure in the eye allows for the adjustment of light intake?
Which structure in the eye allows for the adjustment of light intake?
What is the role of the ganglion cells in the visual process?
What is the role of the ganglion cells in the visual process?
What does the term 'dark adaptation' refer to in visual perception?
What does the term 'dark adaptation' refer to in visual perception?
Which theory explains the perception of colors through three color receptors?
Which theory explains the perception of colors through three color receptors?
Which of the following best describes the function of feature detectors?
Which of the following best describes the function of feature detectors?
Which of the following best describes the 'availability heuristic'?
Which of the following best describes the 'availability heuristic'?
Which of the following accurately describes convergent thinking?
Which of the following accurately describes convergent thinking?
What is the primary purpose of the thalamus in visual processing?
What is the primary purpose of the thalamus in visual processing?
What is meant by 'binocular cues' in depth perception?
What is meant by 'binocular cues' in depth perception?
Which measure assesses how well a test predicts future performance?
Which measure assesses how well a test predicts future performance?
Which concept involves the tendency to fill in gaps in a visual stimulus to perceive it as a whole?
Which concept involves the tendency to fill in gaps in a visual stimulus to perceive it as a whole?
What distinguishes an aptitude test from an achievement test?
What distinguishes an aptitude test from an achievement test?
What typically occurs when an object blocks another object in perception?
What typically occurs when an object blocks another object in perception?
What type of memory allows us to retain detailed information from a past personal event?
What type of memory allows us to retain detailed information from a past personal event?
In what type of memory do we hold information for only a brief moment, like sights or sounds?
In what type of memory do we hold information for only a brief moment, like sights or sounds?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of color blindness?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of color blindness?
What is the primary functional structure involved in the accommodation process of the eye?
What is the primary functional structure involved in the accommodation process of the eye?
Which memory function is exemplified by recalling how to ride a bicycle?
Which memory function is exemplified by recalling how to ride a bicycle?
What is the primary benefit of using mnemonic devices in memory?
What is the primary benefit of using mnemonic devices in memory?
Which Gestalt principle explains our tendency to group similar objects during perception?
Which Gestalt principle explains our tendency to group similar objects during perception?
What is the process called when visual images persist even after the initial stimulus is removed?
What is the process called when visual images persist even after the initial stimulus is removed?
Which memory phenomenon explains our tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better?
Which memory phenomenon explains our tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better?
Which type of reliability compares scores from different halves of a single test?
Which type of reliability compares scores from different halves of a single test?
What type of memory loss is associated with difficulty in forming new memories following an amnesic episode?
What type of memory loss is associated with difficulty in forming new memories following an amnesic episode?
Which of the following terms refers to the vivid memories associated with significant emotional events?
Which of the following terms refers to the vivid memories associated with significant emotional events?
Which of the following is an element in the scientific method used to evaluate results?
Which of the following is an element in the scientific method used to evaluate results?
What is the primary disadvantage of naturalistic observation in research?
What is the primary disadvantage of naturalistic observation in research?
Which of the following best describes a confounding variable?
Which of the following best describes a confounding variable?
How is operational definition crucial to research replication?
How is operational definition crucial to research replication?
In correlational research, what does a negative correlation indicate?
In correlational research, what does a negative correlation indicate?
What is a primary concern associated with the placebo effect in experimental research?
What is a primary concern associated with the placebo effect in experimental research?
Which of the following best describes the Hindsight Bias phenomenon?
Which of the following best describes the Hindsight Bias phenomenon?
What does a representative sample in research ensure?
What does a representative sample in research ensure?
Which of the following illustrates self-report bias?
Which of the following illustrates self-report bias?
What role do operational definitions play in framing research questions?
What role do operational definitions play in framing research questions?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a skewed distribution in data?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a skewed distribution in data?
Which principle of ethical research emphasizes the importance of participants being informed about a study's nature?
Which principle of ethical research emphasizes the importance of participants being informed about a study's nature?
What is the primary goal of descriptive research methodologies?
What is the primary goal of descriptive research methodologies?
Which sleep disorder is characterized by uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep during the day?
Which sleep disorder is characterized by uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep during the day?
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating hunger feelings?
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating hunger feelings?
What is the primary function of the hippocampus within the limbic system?
What is the primary function of the hippocampus within the limbic system?
What effect does sleep deprivation primarily have on hormones related to hunger?
What effect does sleep deprivation primarily have on hormones related to hunger?
The brain's biological clock is primarily linked to which physiological rhythm?
The brain's biological clock is primarily linked to which physiological rhythm?
Which structure of the brain links the central nervous system to the cerebellum, particularly in regulating sleep?
Which structure of the brain links the central nervous system to the cerebellum, particularly in regulating sleep?
Which of the following psychoactive drugs primarily functions as a stimulant?
Which of the following psychoactive drugs primarily functions as a stimulant?
What is the role of the reticular formation embedded within the pons?
What is the role of the reticular formation embedded within the pons?
Sleepwalking occurs during which stage of sleep?
Sleepwalking occurs during which stage of sleep?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between artificial light and sleep?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between artificial light and sleep?
What does the term 'tolerance' refer to in drug use?
What does the term 'tolerance' refer to in drug use?
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus within the brain?
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus within the brain?
Which area in the brain is primarily involved in executive functions such as planning and reasoning?
Which area in the brain is primarily involved in executive functions such as planning and reasoning?
What role do glial cells play in the nervous system?
What role do glial cells play in the nervous system?
What is a defining characteristic of motor neurons?
What is a defining characteristic of motor neurons?
How does a deficit in serotonin primarily affect an individual?
How does a deficit in serotonin primarily affect an individual?
What is the function of endorphins in the body?
What is the function of endorphins in the body?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with reward and motivation?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with reward and motivation?
What happens when an agonist is introduced into the brain?
What happens when an agonist is introduced into the brain?
What is the term for the framework that organizes and interprets information?
What is the term for the framework that organizes and interprets information?
In problem-solving, what distinguishes an algorithm from a heuristic?
In problem-solving, what distinguishes an algorithm from a heuristic?
Which type of neuron is responsible for carrying information from sensory receptors to the brain?
Which type of neuron is responsible for carrying information from sensory receptors to the brain?
What does increased norepinephrine levels primarily influence?
What does increased norepinephrine levels primarily influence?
What is an example of the representative heuristic?
What is an example of the representative heuristic?
What disorder is associated with excessive dopamine activity in the brain?
What disorder is associated with excessive dopamine activity in the brain?
What happens during the accommodation process in cognitive development?
What happens during the accommodation process in cognitive development?
What is the primary function of the parietal lobes in the brain?
What is the primary function of the parietal lobes in the brain?
Which area is directly responsible for hearing and language comprehension?
Which area is directly responsible for hearing and language comprehension?
What role does the corpus callosum play in brain function?
What role does the corpus callosum play in brain function?
Which stage of sleep is primarily associated with deep sleep and is typically where sleepwalking occurs?
Which stage of sleep is primarily associated with deep sleep and is typically where sleepwalking occurs?
Which of the following statements best describes brain plasticity?
Which of the following statements best describes brain plasticity?
What phenomenon describes the brain's ability to fill in blind spots in our visual field?
What phenomenon describes the brain's ability to fill in blind spots in our visual field?
Which imaging technique measures blood flow and oxygen use to assess brain function?
Which imaging technique measures blood flow and oxygen use to assess brain function?
What does Wernicke’s aphasia primarily affect?
What does Wernicke’s aphasia primarily affect?
Which principle states that the amount of difference required for detection is proportional to the original stimulus intensity?
Which principle states that the amount of difference required for detection is proportional to the original stimulus intensity?
During which sleep disorder does an individual experience intense nightmares but not remember them upon waking?
During which sleep disorder does an individual experience intense nightmares but not remember them upon waking?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements?
Which part of the eye is responsible for the adjustment of light entering through the pupil?
Which part of the eye is responsible for the adjustment of light entering through the pupil?
What happens when the sympathetic nervous system is activated?
What happens when the sympathetic nervous system is activated?
What characterizes the 'reflex' response in the nervous system?
What characterizes the 'reflex' response in the nervous system?
Which type of depth cue involves the perception of objects being further away if they appear smaller in size?
Which type of depth cue involves the perception of objects being further away if they appear smaller in size?
In which areas of the brain does neurogenesis primarily occur?
In which areas of the brain does neurogenesis primarily occur?
How does the phenomenon of sensory adaptation work?
How does the phenomenon of sensory adaptation work?
Which imaging method analyzes brain structure using x-rays?
Which imaging method analyzes brain structure using x-rays?
Which of the following best describes binocular depth cues?
Which of the following best describes binocular depth cues?
Which of the following functions is primarily associated with the right hemisphere of the brain?
Which of the following functions is primarily associated with the right hemisphere of the brain?
What defines the process of transduction related to sensation?
What defines the process of transduction related to sensation?
Which structure is involved in the immediate response to painful stimuli?
Which structure is involved in the immediate response to painful stimuli?
What can be inferred about the role of the occipital lobes?
What can be inferred about the role of the occipital lobes?
What is a characteristic feature of REM sleep?
What is a characteristic feature of REM sleep?
Which Gestalt principle is illustrated by the tendency to perceive a series of letters as forming a word rather than individual letters?
Which Gestalt principle is illustrated by the tendency to perceive a series of letters as forming a word rather than individual letters?
Which component of the eye is responsible for sending visual information to the brain?
Which component of the eye is responsible for sending visual information to the brain?
What type of amnesia is characterized by the inability to form new memories after the onset of the condition?
What type of amnesia is characterized by the inability to form new memories after the onset of the condition?
Which psychological phenomenon involves mistakenly recalling details of an event that did not occur?
Which psychological phenomenon involves mistakenly recalling details of an event that did not occur?
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the process of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response?
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the process of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response?
Which concept refers to the tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses?
Which concept refers to the tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses?
What term describes the learned ability to differentiate between similar stimuli, resulting in different responses?
What term describes the learned ability to differentiate between similar stimuli, resulting in different responses?
What best illustrates higher-order conditioning in Pavlov’s experiments?
What best illustrates higher-order conditioning in Pavlov’s experiments?
What is the term for a stimulus that initially elicits no response but can become conditioned through association?
What is the term for a stimulus that initially elicits no response but can become conditioned through association?
In operant conditioning, what principle explains that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated?
In operant conditioning, what principle explains that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated?
Which type of schedule of reinforcement provides rewards after an unpredictable number of responses?
Which type of schedule of reinforcement provides rewards after an unpredictable number of responses?
What is an example of negative reinforcement?
What is an example of negative reinforcement?
Which type of reinforcement occurs in response to behavior every time it is demonstrated?
Which type of reinforcement occurs in response to behavior every time it is demonstrated?
What is an example of taste aversion?
What is an example of taste aversion?
Which type of reinforcement involves a reward being delivered periodically rather than consistently?
Which type of reinforcement involves a reward being delivered periodically rather than consistently?
Flashcards
Psychology
Psychology
The scientific study of the mind and behavior.
Behavior
Behavior
Anything an organism does.
What is the Behavioral Perspective?
What is the Behavioral Perspective?
This perspective focuses on observable behaviors and how they are learned through experiences.
What is the Humanistic Perspective?
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What is the Biopsychosocial Perspective?
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Psychometrics
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Naturalistic Observation
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Hypothesis
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Independent Variable (IV)
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Random Assignment
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Experimental Group
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Control Group
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Synapse
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Neurotransmitters
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Acetylcholine (Ach)
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Dopamine
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Serotonin
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Norepinephrine
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GABA
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Glutamate
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Endorphins
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Agonist
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Antagonist
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Brainstem
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Thalamus
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Limbic System
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Cerebellum
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Young-Helmholtz Theory
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Color Constancy
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What is color blindness?
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Auditory Canal
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Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup
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Cochlea
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Frequency theory
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Conduction Hearing Loss
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Olfaction
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What is NREM-1?
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What is Perception?
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Absolute Threshold
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Difference Threshold
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Weber's Law
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Signal Detection Theory
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Sensory Adaptation
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Transduction
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Bottom-Up Processing
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Mnemonics
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Flashbulb Memory
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Substance P
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Amplitude of sound wave
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Frequency of sound wave
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Wavelength
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Dark Adaptation
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Optic Nerve
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Primary Visual Cortex
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Color Blindness
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Prefrontal Cortex
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Nature vs. Nurture
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Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
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Glutamate and GABA
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Availability Heuristic
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Insight
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Creativity
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Convergent Thinking
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Divergent Thinking
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Intelligence
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Achievement Test
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Aptitude Test
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Reliability
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Validity
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Flynn Effect
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Crystallized Intelligence
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Fluid Intelligence
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Memory
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Variable Interval Schedule
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Cognitive Map
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Anterograde Amnesia
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Retrograde Amnesia
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What is Proactive Interference?
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False Memory
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Classical Conditioning
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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
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Unconditioned Response (UR)
Unconditioned Response (UR)
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Neutral Stimulus
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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Conditioned Response (CR)
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Acquisition
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Extinction
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Spontaneous Recovery
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Generalization
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Discrimination
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What are the 7 contemporary psychological approaches?
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Gestalt Psychology
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Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Perspective
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Biological Perspective
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Cognitive Perspective
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Independent Variable
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Dependent Variable
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Extraneous Variable
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Confounding Variable
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What is a synapse?
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What are neurotransmitters?
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Acetylcholine
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What is an agonist?
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What is an antagonist?
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What is the Thalamus?
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What is the Limbic System?
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What is the Cerebellum?
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NREM-1 Sleep
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NREM-2 Sleep
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NREM-3 Sleep
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REM Sleep
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Trichromatic Theory
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What are the structures and functions of the ear?
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Frequency
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What is operant conditioning?
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What are the types of operant conditioning?
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What is classical conditioning?
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Voluntary Participation
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Confidentiality
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What is Debriefing?
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What happens if the Myelin Sheath degenerates?
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Phantom Limb
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Kinesthesis
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What is sleep?
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NREM 1 (Stage 1)
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NREM 2 (Stage 2)
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NREM 3 (Stage 3)
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Effects of Sleep Loss
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What does addiction mean?
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Depressants
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Stimulants
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What are operational definitions?
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Placebo Effect
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Hawthorne Effect
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Median
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Range
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Standard Deviation
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CT Scan (Computed Tomography)
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IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
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Reliability (Test)
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Validity (Test)
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Short-Term Memory
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Proactive Interference
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Neutral Stimulus (NS)
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Higher-Order Conditioning
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Taste Aversion
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Afterimages
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Proximity
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Similarity
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Closure
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Figure-ground
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Depth perception
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Binocular cues
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Monocular cues
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Recall
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Recognition
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Relearning
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Long-term memory
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Chunking
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Prototype
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Schema
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Assimilation
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Algorithm
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Heuristic
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Operant conditioning
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Fixed ratio
Fixed ratio
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Fixed interval
Fixed interval
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Variable ratio
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Variable interval
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Study Notes
Scientific Foundations of Psychology
- Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior.
- Behavior encompasses anything an organism does.
Contemporary Psychological Approaches
- Behavioral: Learning; observable events are the focus. Key contributors include learning theorists like B.F. Skinner, and Ivan Pavlov.
- Gestalt: Perception; the mind organizes visual perceptions as a whole. Key contributors included Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka.
- Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic: Unconscious thoughts and early childhood experiences shape personality. Key contributors include Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson.
- Humanistic: Personal growth; humans have potential for self-improvement. Key contributors include Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
- Evolutionary: Natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success. Key contributors include Charles Darwin and David Buss.
- Biological: Physiological bases of behaviour; examines bodily structures & biochemistry.
- Cognitive: Thoughts, memory, language, problem-solving; examines mental processes.
- Biopsychosocial: Combines biological, psychological, and social factors.
- Sociocultural: Culture and environment on behaviour; examines cultural impacts.
Research Methods
- Basic Research: Advances knowledge without immediate practical applications.
- Applied Research: Addresses practical problems.
- Psychometrics: Assigns numerical values to behaviors, thoughts, and psychological phenomena.
- Case Studies: In-depth study of one or a few individuals.
- Naturalistic Observation: Observing behavior in natural settings.
- Surveys: Collecting data through questionnaires.
- Correlational Research: Examines relationships between variables.
- Experiments: Manipulate independent variables to determine their effects on dependent variables. Experiments involve the manipulation of an independent variable, measuring a dependent variable, and exposing participants to various conditions. Participants' random assignment to conditions is essential to minimize confounding variables.
- Cross-sectional Research: Compares different age groups at one time.
- Longitudinal Research: Studies the same individuals over an extended period.
The Experimental Method
- Hypothesis: A testable prediction.
- Independent Variable: Variable manipulated by the researcher.
- Dependent Variable: Variable measured.
- Operational Definitions: Clear, precise definitions of variables. Crucial for replication.
- Replication: Repeating an experiment.
- Extraneous Variable: Variables besides independent and dependent variables.
- Confounding Variable: A type of extraneous variable that systematically varies with the independent variable, making it difficult to separate their effects.
- Hawthorne Effect: Participants’ behavior changes due to being observed.
- Placebo Effect: Participants’ response due to belief in treatment, not the treatment itself.
- Double-Blind Procedure: Neither researchers nor participants know who received the treatment.
- Random Assignment: Participants randomly assigned to groups to minimize bias.
- Experimental Group: Receives treatment.
- Control Group: Does not receive treatment, or may receive a placebo.
Correlations
- Correlation Coefficient (r): A number between -1 and +1 indicating the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. Correlation does not equal causation.
Descriptive Statistics
- Mean: Average of scores. Calculated by summing all scores and dividing by the number of scores.
- Median: Midpoint of scores.
- Mode: Most frequently occurring score.
- Range: Difference between highest and lowest scores.
- Standard Deviation: Measure of data dispersion; indicates how spread out the data is. A low standard deviation indicates that the scores are clustered closely around the average, while a high standard deviation indicates that the scores are more spread out. A normal curve is a bell-shaped symmetrical curve that describes data, where most scores fall in the middle and fewer scores are at the extremes.
Ethical Guidelines
- Research conducted according to APA guidelines.
- Informed consent given to participants before participation. Researchers must inform participants of the study's purpose, potential risks, and rights to withdraw.
- Protection from harm, maintenance of confidentiality, debriefing, and voluntary participation. All participant experiences must be free of undue physical and or psychological harm.
- Animal research adheres to IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee) guidelines. Must use the fewest numbers of animals necessary for a valid research experiment, ensure humane treatment and appropriate care, and have caretakers perform regular health assessments.
Biological Bases of Behavior
- Neuron: Cell of the nervous system.
- Parts of a neuron: Dendrites, cell body, axon, myelin sheath, terminal branches.
- Functions of neuron parts: Receive signals, contains cell's nucleus, transmits messages, insulation for faster message, releases neurotransmitters, respectively.
- Action Potential: Neural impulse.
- Resting Potential: Neuron at rest.
- Glial Cells: Support cells in the nervous system that provide support, nutritional benefits, and protection for neurons. They are essential for functioning of the brain.
- Sensory Neurons: Transmit sensory information from the body to the brain.
- Motor Neurons: Transmit information from the brain to muscles and glands.
- Interneurons: Connect sensory and motor neurons.
Neurotransmitters
- Functions of neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers in the brain affecting behaviour (e.g., mood, movement, learning).
- Agonists: Mimic/strengthen neurotransmitters' effects.
- Antagonists: Block neurotransmitters' effects.
- Acetylcholine (ACh): Memory formation, learning, muscle movement.
- Dopamine: Reward and motivation; plays a role in muscle control; deficit in dopamine can result in Parkinson’s disease.
- Serotonin: Regulates mood, sleep, and appetite; deficit in serotonin can lead to depression.
- Norepinephrine: Arousal; increases alertness, blood pressure, heart rate and allows for quick response to stressful situations.
- Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter that encourages neurons to fire.
- GABA: Inhibitory neurotransmitter that slows things down.
- Endorphins: Regulates pain perception; released during aerobic exercise; linked to positive emotions.
- Substance P: Responsible for perception of pain.
Parts of the Brain
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Brainstem: Life-sustaining functions (medulla, pons, reticular formation).
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Brainstem (Medulla): Controls life-sustaining functions like breathing and heartbeat. Damage to this part can be lethal.
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Brainstem (Pons): Influences automatic processes, especially the sleep-wake cycle.
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Brainstem (Reticular Formation): Involved in arousal, alertness, sleep, and passing signals from the spine to the higher parts of the brain.
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Thalamus: Sensory input processor. All senses except smell are processed by the thalamus.
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Cerebellum: Motor coordination, balance, and some types of learning.
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Limbic System: Emotion, memory (amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus).
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Amygdala: Alerts to danger; plays a role in processing emotion, particularly fear and aggression.
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Hippocampus: Processes declarative memory; one of the first brain regions affected by Alzheimer's disease. Essential for forming new long-term memories.
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Hypothalamus: Regulates the autonomic nervous system; monitors and regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, and sexual responses.
- Lateral Hypothalamus (LH): Regulates feelings of hunger.
- Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VH): Regulates feelings of fullness.
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Pituitary Gland: Releases hormones controlled by the hypothalamus; crucial in development.
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Cerebral Cortex: Higher-level thinking (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes).
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Frontal Lobe: Planning, reasoning, decision-making, personality, inhibition.
- Prefrontal Cortex: Higher-level thought processes like planning, judgment, reasoning, and problem-solving.
- Motor Cortex: Controls voluntary movements.
- Broca's area: Speech production.
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Parietal Lobe: Sensory processing, spatial awareness.
- Somatosensory Cortex: Registers and processes sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain; important for spatial orientation.
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Temporal Lobe: Auditory processing, memory, language understanding.
- Primary Auditory Cortex: Receives and processes auditory information.
- Wernicke's area: Involved in comprehension and understanding of language.
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Occipital Lobe: Visual processing.
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Corpus Callosum: Connects the left and right hemispheres.
Brain Imaging Techniques
- EEG: Measures electrical activity in the brain.
- CT/CAT Scan: X-ray images of the brain.
- PET Scan: Tracks glucose metabolism to visualize brain activity.
- MRI: Detailed images of brain structure using magnetic fields.
- fMRI: Measures blood flow in the brain to show brain activity; more precise than PET scans.
Drugs and their Effects
- Classification of drugs: Depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens.
- Effects on the brain: Changes in mood, perception, and behavior are dependent on specific drugs and interactions with the brain. This can lead to tolerance, addiction and withdrawal.
Consciousness
- Consciousness: Awareness of self and the environment.
- Circadian rhythm: 24-hour biological cycle that regulates activity and sleep; affected by varied factors like sunlight and stimulants.
- Sleep cycle stages: NREM and REM stages, characterized by distinct physiological and behavioral changes. Important in emotional processing.
- Sleep disorders: Insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, night terrors, sleepwalking.
Sensation and Perception
- Sensation: Receiving sensory input from the environment.
- Perception: Interpreting sensory input.
- Principles of sensation: Absolute threshold, difference threshold, Weber's law, signal detection theory.
- Sensory adaptation: Decreased response to unchanging stimuli.
- Transduction: Converting sensory signals to neural impulses.
- Organization principles: Grouping of elements (proximity, similarity, closure, continuity, connectedness, figure-ground).
- Depth perception: Understanding distance and 3D.
- Binocular & monocular depth cues: How the brain perceives depth using both eyes or one eye.
- Structures and functions of the eyes (cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina).
- Color vision: Trichromatic and opponent-process theories. (These are not mutually exclusive.)
- Ear structures and functions (auditory canal, eardrum, ossicles, cochlea, hair cells).
- Smell and taste: How these senses receive and process chemicals; types of taste and smell sensations.
- Touch, pain, kinesthesis and vestibular sense.
Learning
- Learning: Acquiring new behaviors and knowledge.
- Classical conditioning: Associative learning; unconditioned stimulus (US), unconditioned response (UR), neutral stimulus (NS), conditioned stimulus (CS), conditioned response (CR) including acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination. Higher order conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly paired with a neutral stimulus, eventually causing that neutral stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
- Operant conditioning: Learning through consequences; positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment. Partial reinforcement. Schedules of reinforcement including fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval. Includes observational learning and latent learning.
Memory, Thinking, and Intelligence
- Memory processes: Encoding, storage, retrieval.
- Memory measurement techniques: Recall, recognition, relearning.
- Memory types: Sensory, short-term, long-term, (explicit, implicit). Explict memory can be further broken down into semantic memory (general knowledge), and episodic memory (personal experiences). Implicit memory can be further broken down into procedural memory; skills and actions.
- Encoding levels: Shallow vs. deep processing, influencing memory retention.
- Memory aids: Mnemonics, like chunking and acronyms. Includes the spacing effect—distributed study promotes better long-term memory— and the testing effect—testing helps memory.
- Cognition: All mental activities.
- Concept, prototype, and schema: Mental groupings and frameworks; assimilation and accommodation.
- Problem-solving strategies: Algorithm vs. heuristic. Representative heuristic and availability heuristic are examples. Insight, creativity, and thinking are involved in memory.
- Convergent vs divergent thinking:
- Intelligence: Learning, problem-solving, information processing.
- Types of Intelligence Tests: Achievement vs. aptitude tests.
- Intelligence Quotient (IQ): Measuring intelligence using mental/chronological age; formula for calculating.
- Reliability and validity in testing: Concepts of test reliability and validity in psychological testing. Includes different types (test-retest, split-half, construct, predictive). The Flynn effect is the increase in average IQ scores over time.
- Crystallized vs Fluid Intelligence: Crystallized intelligence is acquired knowledge; Fluid intelligence is the ability to reason speedily and abstractly. Both are affected differently by age.
- Memory-related issues: Interference (proactive, retroactive), false memory. Includes the forgetting curve.
- Important Research: Pavlov's dogs, Bandura's Bobo doll experiment, Phineas Gage, split-brain patients
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on various psychological approaches including psychoanalysis, humanism, and behaviorism. This quiz covers key concepts such as reinforcement types and the biopsychosocial model. Ideal for psychology students looking to strengthen their understanding of different psychological perspectives.
