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Questions and Answers
The ___________ approach focuses on the role of different parts of the brain in regulating feelings, memories, emotions and other aspects of behaviour.
The ___________ approach focuses on the role of different parts of the brain in regulating feelings, memories, emotions and other aspects of behaviour.
biological
Focus of the ___________ approach is on the information processing capacity of the individual.
Focus of the ___________ approach is on the information processing capacity of the individual.
cognitive
The ___________ approach assumes that the person is an active and self-actualizing agent and has a choice in deciding his behaviour.
The ___________ approach assumes that the person is an active and self-actualizing agent and has a choice in deciding his behaviour.
humanistic
According to the ___________ approach, the majority of human behaviours are triggered by unconscious motivation.
According to the ___________ approach, the majority of human behaviours are triggered by unconscious motivation.
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The unit of analysis for the ___________ approach is explicit, objective, and overt behaviour and its relationship with environmental stimulation.
The unit of analysis for the ___________ approach is explicit, objective, and overt behaviour and its relationship with environmental stimulation.
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What is the main method used in psychology to understand human behaviour?
What is the main method used in psychology to understand human behaviour?
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What is the purpose of psychological research?
What is the purpose of psychological research?
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What is observation in psychology?
What is observation in psychology?
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What are the two types of observation methods?
What are the two types of observation methods?
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What is the independent variable in an experiment?
What is the independent variable in an experiment?
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What does the term 'case study' refer to in psychology?
What does the term 'case study' refer to in psychology?
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Observation is divided into ————————— and —————————
Observation is divided into ————————— and —————————
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In an experiment, the experimenter studies the effect of one variable on the other by deliberately —————————— and ——————————— one variable.
In an experiment, the experimenter studies the effect of one variable on the other by deliberately —————————— and ——————————— one variable.
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In the case study method, the main unit of analysis is the ———————— and his experiences across different contexts in life.
In the case study method, the main unit of analysis is the ———————— and his experiences across different contexts in life.
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The variable which is controlled and manipulated by the experimenter is called ————————————— variable and the variable on which its impact is studied is known as ——————————— variable.
The variable which is controlled and manipulated by the experimenter is called ————————————— variable and the variable on which its impact is studied is known as ——————————— variable.
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————————— method is generally used to study the pattern of opinions, attitudes, beliefs and values of the people.
————————— method is generally used to study the pattern of opinions, attitudes, beliefs and values of the people.
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A ————————— ——————— provides an objective assessment of different qualities and limitations of the individual.
A ————————— ——————— provides an objective assessment of different qualities and limitations of the individual.
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————————————— of a test refers to its consistency in terms yielding the scores from the representative sample for which it has been designed.
————————————— of a test refers to its consistency in terms yielding the scores from the representative sample for which it has been designed.
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—————————— of a test reveals the extent to which the test measures what it claims to measure.
—————————— of a test reveals the extent to which the test measures what it claims to measure.
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A ———————— —————— uses ambiguous, vague and unstructured stimuli such as pictures, inkblots, drawings, incomplete sentences.
A ———————— —————— uses ambiguous, vague and unstructured stimuli such as pictures, inkblots, drawings, incomplete sentences.
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The items (questions) of the questionnaire can be either in ———————— —————— form or in —————————- form.
The items (questions) of the questionnaire can be either in ———————— —————— form or in —————————- form.
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Interview as one of the techniques of data collection is often referred as a ———— —————— ———————— between two persons with a set objective.
Interview as one of the techniques of data collection is often referred as a ———— —————— ———————— between two persons with a set objective.
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In the case of ———————————— —————————— the questions are already framed with the possible options.
In the case of ———————————— —————————— the questions are already framed with the possible options.
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——————————— ————————————— comprises of a variety of open-ended questions and the interviewee gives his or her responses as freely as possible.
——————————— ————————————— comprises of a variety of open-ended questions and the interviewee gives his or her responses as freely as possible.
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The ______ approach focuses on the role of different parts of the brain in regulating feelings, memories, emotions, and other aspects of behaviour.
The ______ approach focuses on the role of different parts of the brain in regulating feelings, memories, emotions, and other aspects of behaviour.
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The focus of the ______ approach is on the information processing capacity of the individual.
The focus of the ______ approach is on the information processing capacity of the individual.
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The ______ approach assumes that the person is an active and self-actualizing agent and has a choice in deciding his behaviour.
The ______ approach assumes that the person is an active and self-actualizing agent and has a choice in deciding his behaviour.
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According to the ______, the majority of human behaviours are triggered by unconscious motivation.
According to the ______, the majority of human behaviours are triggered by unconscious motivation.
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The unit of analysis for the ______ approach is explicit, objective and overt behaviour and its relationship with environmental stimulation.
The unit of analysis for the ______ approach is explicit, objective and overt behaviour and its relationship with environmental stimulation.
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What is the purpose of psychological research?
What is the purpose of psychological research?
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What does the observational method entail?
What does the observational method entail?
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What is the independent variable in an experiment?
What is the independent variable in an experiment?
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What is a case study in psychology?
What is a case study in psychology?
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Observation is divided into ________________ and ________________ depending on the role of the observer.
Observation is divided into ________________ and ________________ depending on the role of the observer.
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In an experiment, the experimenter studies the effect of one variable on the other by deliberately ________________ and ________________ one variable.
In an experiment, the experimenter studies the effect of one variable on the other by deliberately ________________ and ________________ one variable.
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In the case study method, the main unit of analysis is the ________________ and his experiences across different contexts in life.
In the case study method, the main unit of analysis is the ________________ and his experiences across different contexts in life.
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The variable which is controlled and manipulated by the experimenter is called ________________ variable and the variable on which its impact is studied is known as ________________ variable.
The variable which is controlled and manipulated by the experimenter is called ________________ variable and the variable on which its impact is studied is known as ________________ variable.
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________________ method is generally used to study the pattern of opinions, attitudes, beliefs and values of the people.
________________ method is generally used to study the pattern of opinions, attitudes, beliefs and values of the people.
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A ________________ provides an objective assessment of different qualities and limitations of the individual.
A ________________ provides an objective assessment of different qualities and limitations of the individual.
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________________ of a test refers to its consistency in terms yielding the scores from the representative sample for which it has been designed.
________________ of a test refers to its consistency in terms yielding the scores from the representative sample for which it has been designed.
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________________ of a test reveals the extent to which the test measures what it claims to measure.
________________ of a test reveals the extent to which the test measures what it claims to measure.
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A ________________ uses ambiguous, vague and unstructured stimuli such as pictures, inkblots, drawings, incomplete sentences.
A ________________ uses ambiguous, vague and unstructured stimuli such as pictures, inkblots, drawings, incomplete sentences.
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The items (questions) of the questionnaire can be either in ________________ form or in ________________ form.
The items (questions) of the questionnaire can be either in ________________ form or in ________________ form.
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Interview as one of the techniques of data collection is often referred to as a ________________ between two persons with a set objective.
Interview as one of the techniques of data collection is often referred to as a ________________ between two persons with a set objective.
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In the case of ________________ interview, the questions are already framed with the possible options.
In the case of ________________ interview, the questions are already framed with the possible options.
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________________ interview comprises of a variety of open-ended questions and the interviewee gives his or her responses as freely as possible.
________________ interview comprises of a variety of open-ended questions and the interviewee gives his or her responses as freely as possible.
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Study Notes
Approaches to Understanding Psychology
- Biological Approach: Emphasizes the role of biological structures and processes, e.g., brain, genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters, in shaping behavior.
- Psychoanalytic Approach: Focuses on unconscious libidinal energy and the hierarchical arrangements of experiences in the mind (conscious, preconscious, and unconscious). Emphasizes the influence of unconscious motivation on behavior.
- Humanistic Approach: Highlights conscious experiences, the significance of interpersonal relationships, and individual growth towards psychological maturity. Assumes individuals are active, self-actualizing agents with choices in their behavior and seek congruence between their self and experience.
- Behaviorist Approach: Analyzes explicit, observable behavior and its relationship to environmental stimuli. Emphasizes the association between stimulus and response, suggesting behavior can be shaped by manipulating this association.
- Cognitive Approach: Investigates information processing capabilities of the individual, encompassing perception, memory, thinking, language, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making. Proposes that behavior depends on how we process information from the world.
Methods to Understand Psychology
- Observation: Involves systematic registering of events without deliberate interference. Observing can occur in natural settings (naturalistic observation) or controlled settings (laboratory observation), and can be participatory or non-participatory.
- Experimentation: Involves manipulating and controlling an independent variable (IV) to study its effect on a dependent variable (DV). Experiments compare an experimental group (exposed to the IV) and a control group (not exposed to the IV). Experimenters also control relevant variables (organismic, situational, and sequential) that could confound the effect of the IV.
- Case Study: Involves a detailed and in-depth analysis of an individual and their experiences across different contexts. Data is collected from various sources (family history, educational life, medical history, social life) through interviews, observations, and psychological tests.
- Survey: Involves gathering data from a large group of individuals through questionnaires, interviews, or other methods. Offers insights into the opinions, beliefs, and behaviors of a population.
Research Methods in Psychology
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Survey Research: A popular method in psychology and other disciplines, like sociology and economics. It's used to gather data on patterns of opinions, attitudes, beliefs, and values.
- Researchers might use surveys to study the public's reaction to events, like the impact of a terrorist attack.
- Data collection methods include interviews, questionnaires, emails, and SMS surveys.
Psychological Tools
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Psychological Tests: Used to measure intelligence, aptitude, and interest. Tests are designed to assess various psychological attributes.
- Tests are developed based on a theoretical framework.
- Scores on a test provide an objective assessment of an individual's strengths and limitations.
- Standardized tests have properties of reliability and validity.
- Reliability: Measures how consistent the test is in yielding dependable scores.
- Validity: Measures how accurately the test assesses what it's supposed to.
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Categorization of psychological tests:
- Verbal vs. Non-verbal (performance) tests: Verbal tests require spoken responses, while performance tests involve completing tasks or showing certain behaviors.
- Objective vs. Projective Tests: Objective tests have direct items about the construct, while projective tests use ambiguous stimuli (pictures, inkblots, etc.) to assess a subject's individual interpretation.
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Questionnaires: A set of questions that individuals answer.
- Close-ended Questions: Provide limited response options for subjects to choose from.
- Open-ended Questions: Allow individuals to write their own responses.
- Administration: Questionnaires can be administered to individuals or groups.
- Language: Questionnaire items are designed to be clear and easy to understand.
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Interviews: A face-to-face interaction between an interviewer and interviewee.
- Purpose: To understand a subject's personal characteristics, like attitudes, values, interests, and preferences.
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Types of interviews:
- Structured Interview: Uses pre-determined questions with multiple-choice options.
- Unstructured Interview: Employs a variety of open-ended questions with more freedom of response for the interviewee.
- Skills required for an interviewer: Building rapport with the interviewee, phrasing questions clearly, and maintaining a neutral demeanor.
- Applications: Interviews are common in research, recruitment, counseling, marketing, and advertising.
Approaches to Psychological Processes
- Psychologists use various approaches to describe, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.
- The Biological Approach focuses on biological structures and phenomena like the brain, genes, hormones, the endocrine system, and neurotransmitters to understand the dynamics of behavior.
- The Psychoanalytic Approach, developed by Sigmund Freud, focused on unconscious libidinal energy to explain an individual's current state. It explored the unconscious through dreams, slips of the tongue, neuroses, psychoses, art, and rituals.
- The Humanistic Approach, founded by Carl Rogers, emphasized conscious experiences, interpersonal experiences, and the capacity for psychological growth. It views individuals as active, self-actualizing agents with choices.
- The Behaviorist Approach analyzes explicit, objective, and overt behavior and its relationship with environmental stimuli. It emphasizes the association between stimulus and response.
- The Cognitive Approach focuses on information processing, including perception, memory, thinking, language, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making. It proposes that behavior is shaped by how we process information.
Methods to Understand Psychological Processes
- Psychological research utilizes a variety of scientific methods to develop principles, theories, and address human problems.
- Observation is a systematic registering of events without deliberate interference in the variables being studied.
- Naturalistic observation examines events in natural environments.
- Laboratory observation is conducted in a controlled setting.
- Participant observation involves the researcher mixing with the group being studied.
- Non-participant observation maintains a distance between the researcher and the participants.
- Experimentation studies the effect of one variable (independent variable) on another (dependent variable).
- Experimental groups receive the independent variable.
- Control groups do not receive the independent variable.
- Relevant variables are extraneous factors that need to be controlled.
- Organismic variables relate to participants' personal characteristics (age, sex, personality).
- Situational variables relate to environmental factors (temperature, humidity, noise).
- Sequential variables relate to the order of the experiment's conditions and potential practice effects or fatigue.
- Techniques for controlling relevant variables:
- Elimination removes extraneous variables.
- Making Conditions Constant keeps extraneous variables at the same level for consistency.
- Matching equates relevant variables across experimental conditions.
- Counterbalancing minimizes the effect of the order of exposure to conditions.
- Random assignment ensures equal chances for participants to be in either group.
- Case Study involves an in-depth analysis of an individual across various contexts.
- Data is collected from various sources (family history, education, medical records, social life).
- Case studies are commonly used in clinical psychology and lifespan developmental psychology.
- Limitations: Difficulty establishing reliability and validity of information, reliance on subjective data.
- Surveys collect data from a large group of individuals using questionnaires, interviews, or other methods.
- Important to consider sampling bias and validity of responses.
Methods of Psychology
- Survey Research is a common research method used in various fields like psychology, sociology, political science, economics, and management.
- Psychology uses this method to study patterns of opinions, attitudes, beliefs, and values in people.
- It's also used to test hypotheses about the relationship between variables, especially when significant events occur.
- Data is collected through:
- Directly contacting participants for interviews.
- Sending questionnaires by email or post.
- Asking participants to send SMS replies.
- Questionnaires and interviews are the most common tools in survey research.
Psychological Tools
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Psychological Tests:
- Measure intelligence, aptitude, and interest.
- Designed to assess various psychological attributes.
- Based on theoretical frameworks (e.g., a theory of intelligence for intelligence tests).
- Administered individually or in groups.
- Scores reveal individual standing relative to others who took the same test.
- Reliability means consistent, dependable scores.
- Validity means measuring what the test claims to measure.
- Can be verbal (oral responses), non-verbal (performance/behavior-based).
- Objective tests have direct items about the psychological construct with limited freedom to respond.
- Projective tests use ambiguous stimuli like pictures, inkblots, drawings, or incomplete sentences, allowing more freedom in responses.
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Questionnaires:
- Consists of a set of questions for individuals to respond to.
- Questions can be closed-ended with limited options, requiring a single choice, or open-ended allowing free responses.
- Instructions on how to respond are provided.
- Can collect data from large groups quickly.
- Items are in simple, explicit language that's easy to understand.
- Items cover various aspects of the measured construct and are often arranged from general to specific.
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Interviews:
- A face-to-face interaction between an interviewer and an interviewee, with specific objectives.
- Can also be conducted via phone, internet, or video conferencing.
- Purpose is to understand personal characteristics like attitudes, values, interests, and preferences.
- Structured interviews have pre-defined questions and response options.
- Unstructured interviews are more flexible, involving open-ended questions and freedom in responses.
- Skilled interviewers:
- Establish rapport by reducing anxiety and making the interviewee comfortable.
- Have excellent language skills, simplifying difficult questions to probe deeper.
- Control their emotions to avoid giving clues to the interviewee.
- Used for recruitment and selection, counseling, marketing and advertising, and attitude surveys.
Different Approaches to Psychology
- Biological approach focuses on the physical basis of behavior and mental processes, including the brain, nervous system, and genetics.
- Cognitive approach emphasizes mental processes such as perception, memory, thinking, and language.
- Humanistic approach emphasizes the importance of personal growth, self-actualization, and positive psychology.
- Psychoanalytic approach focuses on the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior and mental processes.
- Behavioristic approach focuses on observable behavior and its environmental determinants.
Scientific Method
- Characteristics:
- Objective: Based on observations and data rather than personal opinions or biases.
- Testable: Can be verified or disproven through empirical evidence.
- Self-correcting: New data and research can lead to adjustments or revisions in existing theories.
- Replicable: Results can be obtained by other researchers following the same procedures.
Data Collection Methods
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Observational Method:
- Describes a phenomenon in a laboratory or natural setting.
- Can be participant (observer interacts with the group being observed) or non-participant (observer remains outside the group).
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Experimental Method:
- Studies the effect of one variable on another by manipulating one variable and controlling others.
- Independent variable: The variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.
- Dependent variable: The variable that is being measured or observed.
- Techniques to control relevant variables:
- Random assignment: Assigning participants to different groups randomly to minimize bias.
- Placebo effect: Giving a non-active treatment to a control group to account for the power of suggestion.
- Blind studies: Participants are unaware of whether they are receiving the real treatment or a placebo, reducing bias.
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Case Study:
- Focuses on a single individual in great detail.
- Aims to understand the underlying issues and experiences across different contexts in life.
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Description
This quiz explores various approaches to understanding psychology, including biological, psychoanalytic, humanistic, and behaviorist perspectives. Each approach offers unique insights into how behavior is shaped by different factors such as biology, unconscious motives, personal growth, and environment. Test your knowledge on these fundamental concepts in psychology!
