Psychology Approaches Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which approach emphasizes the role of unconscious psychological struggles in shaping behavior?

Humanistic approach

Biological approach

Psychodynamic approach (correct)

Cognitive approach

Who established the first research lab in psychology?

B F Skinner

John B Watson

Charles Darwin

Wundt (correct)

What does the behavioral approach focus on?

Mental representation

Unconscious processes

Observable behavior (correct)

Biological influences

Which theory assumes that behavior is shaped by hormones and genes?

Biological approach Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological approach involves natural selection in understanding behavior?

Evolutionary approach Signup and view all the answers

What does the cognitive approach primarily examine?

Information processing Signup and view all the answers

According to the humanistic approach, what primarily drives behavior?

Individual capacity for choice Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist is NOT associated with the behavioral approach?

Sigmund Freud Signup and view all the answers

What does the arousal theory of motivation suggest about individuals who enjoy rollercoasters?

They seek experiences that increase their arousal levels. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects a difference between bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa?

Anorexia nervosa is characterized by a lack of awareness about the disorder. Signup and view all the answers

How do biological, social, and cognitive factors affect motivation according to the evolutionary theories?

They shape the perceived value of incentives. Signup and view all the answers

What does William James's view of consciousness describe?

Consciousness experiences a constant flow or stream. Signup and view all the answers

Which level of consciousness describes mental activities that are not currently aware but can easily become conscious?

Pre-conscious level Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the endocrine system?

To release hormones into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell in the nervous system is primarily responsible for supporting neuronal function?

Glial cells Signup and view all the answers

What role does GABA play in brain activity?

Slows or inhibits brain activity Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is considered the oldest?

Brainstem Signup and view all the answers

What does the somatic nervous system primarily transmit?

Sensory information to the central nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is the process through which sensory messages are given meaning called?

Perception Signup and view all the answers

What hormone does the pituitary gland release to stimulate the adrenal glands?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is noted for potentially causing brain damage during a stroke?

Glutamate Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

Alarm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'exhaustion' stage of stress response?

Slow depletion of adaptive energy reserves leading to possible health issues Signup and view all the answers

What role do stress mediators play in the stress process?

They help the body adjust to the stressor Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a common emotional response to physical stress?

Ruminative thoughts and catastrophizing Signup and view all the answers

How does overarousal affect cognitive responses during stress?

Narrowing of attention and impaired judgment Signup and view all the answers

According to the Cannon theory, where do emotions originate from?

The brain generating direct experiences of emotion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary association of fear according to the James-Lange theory?

Decreased blood flow in hands and feet Signup and view all the answers

How does the cognitive theory of Schachter-Singer explain emotional experiences?

Emotions depend on cognitive labeling of arousal. Signup and view all the answers

What commonality does Darwin attribute to facial expressions of emotions in infants?

They demonstrate the universality of emotional expression. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'autonomic arousal' refer to in the context of the cognitive theory?

The involuntary physiological changes linked to emotional states. Signup and view all the answers

According to the James-Lange theory, which of the following is true about emotions?

Emotions result from awareness of physiological changes. Signup and view all the answers

What can influence the emotional label given to an autonomic response according to the cognitive perspective?

The perceived context of the event Signup and view all the answers

In the context of emotional communication, which expression did Darwin highlight?

Facial expressions of emotions are universally recognizable. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

### Behaviorism

John B Watson and B F Skinner are key figures
Focuses on observable behavior and how it's learned
Explains behavior through learning principles and environmental stimuli
Uses operant conditioning

### Evolutionary Approach

Charles Darwin is the key figure
Focuses on how behavior and mental processes are the result of evolution through natural selection

### Psychodynamic Approach

Sigmund Freud is the key figure
Assumes our behavior is shaped by unconscious psychological struggles.

### Cognitive Approach

Focuses on how we process information and how it affects our behavior.
Includes processes such as: perceiving, recalling, deciding, labeling, considering, and executing.

### Humanistic Approach/ Phenomenological Approach

Assumes behavior is determined by our capacity to choose how we think and act.
Choices are not driven by instincts or rewards and punishments, but by each individual's perception of the world.
Abraham Maslow is a key figure.

### Endocrine System

Glands in the endocrine system communicate via hormones
The brain has ultimate control over hormone secretion
The system regulates functions like stress and growth

### Nervous System

Receives, processes, and transmits information
Composed of neurons and glial cells
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) sends sensory information to the central nervous system (CNS).
The somatic nervous system transmits information from senses to the CNS, and then carries signals to muscles.
The autonomic nervous system carries messages between the CNS and the heart, lungs, and other organs.

### Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters are communication chemicals used within the human system that affect behavior and mental processes.
One neuron communicates with another through neurotransmitters crossing the synapse.
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the main neurotransmitter for slowing or inhibiting brain activity.
A group of neurons using the same neurotransmitter is called a neural pathway or neurotransmitter system.
Glutamate can cause brain damage during a stroke.

### The Brain

The brainstem is the oldest part of the brain.
The hippocampus affects memory, and its shrinkage is linked to Alzheimer's disease.

### Pituitary Gland

The pituitary gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which triggers the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands into the bloodstream.

### Sensation and Perception

Sensation is the raw information from the senses that affects behavior and mental processes.
Perception is the process of giving meaning to sensory information.

### Motivation Theories

Arousal Theory: Suggests that certain people enjoy seeking out intense experiences.
Evolutionary Theories: Modern versions of instinct theories.
Incentive Theories: Value of incentives is influenced by biological, social, and cognitive factors.
Drive Theories: People may continue to eat when full, suggesting biological needs aren't the sole motivator.
Cognitive Theories: Motivation arises when we perceive a discrepancy between our current situation and our desired situation.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (revised): Self-actualization is replaced by three other needs: finding a mate, keeping a mate, and becoming a parent.

### Consciousness

Awareness of external stimuli and our own mental activity.
Dualism: The mind and brain are distinct entities.
Materialism: The mind and brain are one and the same.
Theatre View: Consciousness is a single phenomenon, like a stage.
Parallel Distributed Processing: Consciousness is processed in many parallel streams of information.
Stream of Consciousness: Consciousness is a continuous flow.
Conscious Level: Mental activities we are aware of.
Non-Conscious Level: Mental activity inaccessible to conscious awareness.
Pre-Conscious Level: Mental activity not currently conscious but can easily become so.

### Emotions

Theories of Emotion:
- Cannon-Bard: Emotions are generated by the brain.
- James-Lange: Emotions are created by awareness of physiological responses.
- Cognitive-Schachter-Singer/Lazarus: Emotional experiences are shaped by cognitive interpretations of events and physiological reactions.

### Communicating Emotions

Darwin's Theory of Emotion: Facial expressions are universal and play a role in health.

### Stress

Refers to internal processes when people adjust to challenging situations.
Stressors: Events that trigger stress.
Stress Mediators: Factors that influence how we cope with stressors.
Stress Responses: Physical and psychological reactions to stress.

### General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A three-stage pattern of response to stress.
- Alarm: Fight or flight response.
- Resistance: The body adapts to the stressor.
- Exhaustion: The body's resources become depleted.

### Stress Responses

Physical: GAS
Emotional: Stress commonly triggers emotional responses.
Cognitive: Cognitive processes may be impaired by stress.
Behavioral: Stress often manifests in physical behaviors.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the major psychological approaches, including Behaviorism, Evolutionary Approach, Psychodynamic Approach, Cognitive Approach, and Humanistic Approach. Learn about key figures like Watson, Skinner, Darwin, Freud, and Maslow and their contributions to understanding human behavior.