16 Questions
What is the name of the model that suggests that instructions to suppress stereotyping actually increase stereotyping?
Ironic Processes of Mental Control Model
What is the term for the effect when suppression attempts fail and suppressed stereotype returns to have an even greater impact?
Rebound Effect
What is the term for the subset of relevant self-knowledge that is activated and guides our behavior in a given situation?
Working Self-Concept
What is the purpose of the sociometer, according to the Sociometer Theory?
To track our social status
What is the result of being in a good mood, according to the Dissociation Model?
Increase in heuristics
What is an example of anchoring, as mentioned in the content?
Donating 20 euros to a charity
What is the reason why people with a strong goal to treat others equally may override racist stereotypes that come to mind?
Because stereotype activation is goal-dependent
What happens to our self-concept when we are in a situation where we are a minority?
It becomes more important
What is the primary function of the self-serving bias?
To enhance our self-esteem by attributing successes internally and failures externally
Which of the following is an example of the false consensus bias?
Thinking that most people want to get married before they turn 30
What is the representativeness heuristic used for?
To place a person or an object in a category based on our prototype
What is the purpose of base rate information?
To provide information about how frequent certain categories are in the general population
What is the availability heuristic used for?
To make judgments about the frequency of certain events based on our own experiences
What is the effect of priming on behavior?
It can influence our behavior and response to subsequent stimuli
What is the primary difference between the self-serving bias and the false consensus bias?
The self-serving bias is used to attribute successes internally, while the false consensus bias is used to assume that others share one's own attitudes
What is the primary purpose of the representativeness heuristic?
To place a person or an object in a category based on our prototype
Study Notes
Biases and Heuristics
- Self-serving bias: attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors to protect self-esteem.
- False Consensus bias: assuming that others share one's own attitudes and opinions, and that those who don't are abnormal.
- Representativeness heuristic: categorizing people or objects based on similarity to a prototype, rather than on base rate information.
Availability Heuristic
- Judging the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind.
- Leads to jumping to conclusions about an event's likelihood based on personal experiences or media exposure.
Priming
- Exposure to one stimulus influences responses to subsequent stimuli.
- Activates schemas that prepare for particular actions and social interactions.
- Effects can be complex and may not always be automatic.
Implicit Goal Operation
- Strong motivation to treat people as equals can automatically suppress stereotypes.
- Stereotype activation is goal-dependent and arises from cognitive, motivational, and biological factors.
Anchoring
- Setting an initial expectation that influences subsequent judgments.
- Example: suggesting a donation amount of 20 euros to influence the amount donated.
Dissociation Model
- Feeling guilty when noticing prejudice despite being committed to being non-prejudiced.
- Becoming self-focused and directing efforts to reduce the discrepancy.
- Good mood can increase heuristic use.
Working Self-Concept
- Subset of relevant self-knowledge that guides behavior in a given situation.
- Activates awareness in certain situations, such as being an only woman in a room full of men.
Sociometer Theory
- Feelings of self-esteem signal the degree of acceptance or rejection by social groups.
- Self-esteem acts as a sociometer to track social status.
Test your knowledge of psychological biases and heuristics, including self-serving bias and false consensus bias, that influence our thoughts and behaviors.
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