Psychology of Relationships Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What happens in a relationship when the rewards no longer outweigh the costs?

One or both partners may break up (correct)

The relationship becomes more equitable

Partners adjust their contributions

The relationship strengthens

Which theory suggests that relationships are maintained by partners adjusting their efforts based on fairness?

Need complementarity

Social exchange theory

Equity theory (correct)

Suffocation model

What does the suffocation model suggest about contemporary marriage?

Couples are more satisfied due to less emphasis on marriage

Couples face less frustration in their relationships

Marriage requires more time than before

Marriage serves only as a self-expressive outlet (correct)

Which pathway suggests that a couple’s early interactions will shape the relationship over time?

Enduring dynamics pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential positive effect of the empty nest on a couple's relationship?

Improved sexual relations Signup and view all the answers

What does the need complementarity theory propose about marital partners?

People prefer partners who are opposite to themselves Signup and view all the answers

What age trend for first-time mothers has been observed since the mid-1960s?

Average age has been increasing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a challenge related to the empty nest?

Improved martial satisfaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of problem-focused coping?

Changing the situation itself Signup and view all the answers

What does Levinson’s theory of midlife crisis emphasize?

Transitions between life structures at different life stages Signup and view all the answers

What trend was observed regarding marriage rates in Canada from 2011 to 2018?

Decrease in marriage rates Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cohabitation is true?

Living common-law prior to marriage has increased over the years Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of 'living apart together' (LAT) relationships?

Couples are in long-term relationships but live separately Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly increases the probability of divorce?

Being in a second marriage Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'widow effect' primarily associated with?

Higher probability of death among widowed individuals Signup and view all the answers

What does socioemotional selectivity theory predict about older adults?

They will prioritize long-term partners as time becomes limited Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of same-sex households in Canada included children as of 2016?

12% Signup and view all the answers

What has been identified as a significant emotional outcome of divorce?

Anxiety and depression Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of long-term care is specifically NOT covered by the Canada Health Act?

Facility-based long-term care Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total home care hours is provided by unpaid caregivers?

75% Signup and view all the answers

Which service allows older adults to remain in their own homes with appropriate support?

Aging in place Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of facility that provides care services but does not require skilled nursing care?

Supportive living facility Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue faced by front-line workers in nursing homes?

Physical and emotional abuse Signup and view all the answers

Which model emphasizes the integration of evidence-based practices in the relocating process for individuals with dementia?

Competence-Press Model Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of adult day programs?

To give older adults assistance or supervision during the day Signup and view all the answers

Which element is essential for ensuring quality care in nursing homes?

Adequate staff training Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has been identified as a need for improving long-term care homes?

Person-centred care Signup and view all the answers

What is an Alternate Level of Care (ALC)?

Patients residing in hospitals who no longer need high-level care Signup and view all the answers

Which identity status model describes individuals who achieve identity assimilation without much exploration?

Foreclosed Signup and view all the answers

What does Valliant’s theory propose about defense mechanisms as individuals age?

Older adults increasingly use mature defense mechanisms. Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by a fear of abandonment and avoidance of close relationships?

Avoidant Attachment Style Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mature defense mechanism according to Valliant’s theory?

Repression Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is part of the Five Factor Model (Big 5)?

Agreeableness Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of Type D personality?

Feelings of anxiety and loneliness Signup and view all the answers

How does the socioemotional selective theory explain behavior in later life?

Individuals prioritize emotional rewards over informational ones. Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Downward slope' pathway model signify?

Self-defeating life decisions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the 'Meandering way' pathway according to the pathway model?

Failing to settle on a life course Signup and view all the answers

What behavioral pattern might someone in the 'mature' defense mechanism category exhibit?

Use of humor to cope Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following attachment styles is least likely to occur in older adults?

Anxious Attachment Style Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Identity Achieved' characterized by?

Balanced and mature exploration of identity Signup and view all the answers

What describes the process of 'Anticipation' in mature defense mechanisms?

Planning ahead and preparing for challenges Signup and view all the answers

Which trait from the Five Factor Model reflects an individual's tendency to be organized and dependable?

Conscientiousness Signup and view all the answers

What is filial maturity?

When children relate to their parents as equals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the intergenerational solidarity model?

Commitment to fulfill family obligations Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'sandwich generation' refer to?

People who are both caring for aging parents and teenage children Signup and view all the answers

What are peripheral ties in friendships?

Friendships lacking a high degree of closeness Signup and view all the answers

Holland's Vocational Development Theory encompasses how many basic types of vocational interests?

Six Signup and view all the answers

What describes a boundaryless career?

A career that crosses employer or organization boundaries Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is associated with the positive effects of leisure in later adulthood?

Contributes to identity and meaning in life Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of role theory of retirement?

Indicates the loss of work role impacts societal ties Signup and view all the answers

What does the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) assess?

Depressive symptoms in older individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Major Depressive Disorder?

Loss of interest in most activities Signup and view all the answers

What type of abuse does not include neglect among older adults?

Involuntary guardianship Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT considered in person-environment correspondence theory?

Family obligations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders is characterized by extreme anxiety about being observed by others?

Social anxiety disorder Signup and view all the answers

In the workplace, what does emotional labor typically require?

Smiling and maintaining a friendly attitude despite personal feelings Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 8: Personality - Psychodynamic Perspective

Psychodynamic theory examines the role of the unconscious mind in shaping personality.
Ego psychology highlights the ego's central role in behavior, emphasizing changes in defense mechanisms throughout adulthood.
Adult attachment theory emphasizes how early relationships influence the development of self and relationships in adulthood.
Erikson's theory explains that ego development proceeds through stages, with each stage representing a push-pull toward favorable or unfavorable outcomes.
The Identity Status Model describes different identity statuses based on exploration and commitment.
Identity achieved individuals are balanced and mature, actively exploring options.
Foreclosed individuals have made identity commitments without much exploration.
Moratorium individuals are open to exploration but feel anxious or depressed.
Identity diffused individuals lack commitment to exploring or establishing an identity.

Expressions of Generativity

Generativity encompasses acts of caring for the next generation, including parenting, mentoring, and grand parenting.
Parenting involves raising and guiding children, high in prosocial attributes and social interest, and is characterized by happiness in their children.
Mentoring involves spending time with and advising or guiding others; strengthening of family bonds.
Redemption involves benefiting from others from you.

Pathway Model

Triumphant trail - overcoming challenges
Authentic road - exploring and open to change
Straight and narrow - avoiding changes
Meandering way - failing to settle on a life course
Downward slope - self-defeating life decisions

Theory of Defense Mechanisms

Valliant's theory proposes an increasing use of mature defense mechanisms throughout life.
Older adults generally use less self-destructive methods to cope with stress, anxiety, and frustration.
Mature methods include: sublimation, suppression, anticipation, altruism.
Intermediate methods include: displacement, repression, reaction formation.
Immature methods include: projection, passive aggression, acting out.

Adult Attachment Theory

Early bonds between infants and caregivers set the stage for later relationships.
Secure attachment styles are characterized by confidence in oneself and others.
Anxious attachment styles are characterized by an expectation of abandonment from others.
Avoidant attachment styles are characterized by an intense fear of abandonment.

Trait Approaches to Personality - Five Factor Model (Big 5)

The Big 5 personality traits are five basic predispositions: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
These can be considered dimensions used in personality research.
Each trait has six facets, and these different combinations form a different personality.

Correspondence Principle

Explains how personality and experiences interact.
People's life experiences reflect their personalities and then affect their personalities even further.
Conscientious people, for example, often work in environments that foster focus while extraverted people prefer environments that allow for socializing/interaction.

Health and Personality Traits

Type A personality is characterized by competitiveness, impatience, a strong sense of time urgency, and goal-orientation.
Type D personality (where "D" stands for "distressed") is characterized by high anxiety, loneliness, and depression but tries to suppress these feelings.

Socioemotional Selective Theory

When people feel time is running out, they're more likely to focus on emotional rewards (e.g., spending time with loved ones) rather than informational rewards (e.g., acquiring knowledge).
Preference for close relationships increases with perceived time limitations.

Cognitive Perspective

People are driven by the desire to predict and control their experiences.
Possible Selves – Motivation to achieve hoped-for self and avoid feared self.
Coping and Control – Strategies to reduce stress
Identity Process Theory - maintaining self esteem through use of identity balance.
Problem-focused coping – changing the situation
Emotion-focused coping – changing thoughts about the situation

Theory of Midlife Crisis

A period of self-scrutiny and re-evaluation triggered by the individual's entry into middle age, according to Levinson's theory.
Levinson's theory is highly subjective and not consistently reproduced by others.

Chapter 9: Relationships - Marriage and Intimate Relations

Marriage rates have decreased.
Mean age at first marriage is increasing.
Cohabitation before marriage is increasing.
Cohabitation is linked to increased rates of divorce.

Same-sex Couples

Same-sex marriage is legal in 31 countries.
About 1% of Canadian couples are same-sex couples.

Widowhood

Women are more likely to be widowed than men.
Widow effect: a higher likelihood of death for surviving partners

Perspectives on Long-Term Relationships

Factors such as socioemotional selectivity, social exchange, equity, similarity, need complementarity, and suffocation models influence the satisfaction and success of long-term relationships.

Pathways in Long-Term Relationships

Enduring dynamics pathway – characterized by early interactions that define the course of the relationship.
Emergent distress pathway – interactions during the early relationship lead to problems.
Disillusionment pathway – couples start happy but develop problems over time.

Families – Parenthood and Transition

The average age of first-time mothers is rising.
Transition to parenthood involves adjustment to the new family status and roles.
Empty nest is potentially positive transition that accompanies the empty nest.

Parent-Adult Child Relationship

Filial maturity occurs when children reach a point where they relate to their parents as equals.
Filial anxiety relates to older parents and difficulties in caretaking.
Filial obligations are culturally-based expectations to assist aging parents.
Intergenerational solidarity model describes the various aspects of relations with several generations with different degrees of interaction, affective attitudes, agreement on common perspectives, and functions.

Developmental Schism

A gap between generations where they value their relationships in differing degrees and with differing desires.

Friendships

Dyadic withdrawal occurs when individual friendships decrease while joint friendships increase.
Peripheral ties are less close and focused on more individual activities, while core ties may include the couple.
Friendship styles show considerable variation based on differences in approaches to adult friendships.

Chapter 10: Work, Retirement, and Leisure Patterns

Labour force participation rates vary by gender, particularly in leadership roles.
Gender pay gap exists in salary across various professions.

Vocational Development

Vocation reflects a person's choice of occupation based on personal interests and preferences.
Holland's vocational theory proposes six basic types (realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional) that characterize vocational interests.
RIASEC model uses these six types to understand vocational interests.

Super's Life-Span Life-Stage Theory

This theory highlights the importance of personal potential realization during various life stages.
Different factors (environmental, situational and personal) influence choices and careers across the life-span.

Occupation as Calling

A career as calling involves a consuming passion for a particular domain.
It contributes to personal meaning and purpose.
Person-environment congruence influences the achievement of a calling.
Boundaryless career refers to career pathways that go beyond organizational boundaries.
Protean career refers to career choices that are based on individual values.
Vocational satisfaction has intrinsic (internal rewards, interests, control) and extrinsic components (external rewards, job conditions).

Two-Factor Motivational Theory

Intrinsic factors (achievement, recognition) motivate workers more than extrinsic factors (salary, supervision).

Self-Determination Theory

Workers are motivated to fulfill intrinsic needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness.
Motivation crowding out occurs when extrinsic factors dominate intrinsic motivation.

Chapter 11: Mental Health Issues and Treatment

Psychological disorders in adulthood involve behaviors and experiences outside of social norms, and/or putting oneself or others at risk of harm.
Major reference manuals (DSM-5,ICD) are used to diagnose and classify disorders.
Ageism is detrimental to older adults accessing mental health services.

Specific Mental Disorders

Types of disorders such as Major Depressive Disorer, Bipolar disorder, Anxiety disorders, Obsessive-compulsive and Related Disorders,Schizophrenia are described with their symptoms and diagnostic criteria.

Substance-related disorders include abuse of alcohol and drugs.
The severity of abuse causes impairments in various aspects of daily life including health, disability, and household/social responsibilities.
Older adults also experience substance-related issues such as cannabis use and gambling.

Personality Disorders

Personality disorders involve long-standing patterns of inner experience.
Common disorders like antisocial, borderline, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders are detailed here, highlighting their core features and symptoms.

Chapter 12: Long-Term Care

Institutional facilities and community-based services can help meet needs.
Long term-care homes are crucial for older adults in need of assistance but sometimes face shortages and resource issues.

Aging and Place Services

Services in communities help people remain in their homes when appropriate.

Home Care Services

Providers of home care services are needed for some older adults and include various services.

Nursing Homes

Nursing homes are an important part of the long-term care system.

Psychological Issues in Long-Term Care

Competence-Press theory highlights the impact of environmental pressures on competence and well-being within long term-care settings.
People in long-term care settings are influenced by environmental factors which can affect individual's psychological well being.

Mental Status Exam And Geriatric Depression Scale

Mental status exams help evaluate current conditions.
The Geriatric Depression Scale is helpful for screening depressive symptoms.

Treatment Issues in Mental Health Care

Competent services and professional geropsychology are essential and discussed.
Psychological assessment and clinical interviews are part of the process.

Suicide

Suicide risk is related to various factors and conditions and may increase in old age as rates of physical and psychological illnesses increase.

Age and Vocational Satisfaction

Job tenure typically reduces vocational satisfaction for older adults.
Individuals who relocate to new jobs often report increased satisfaction.

Retirement

Retirement patterns include crisp retirement, blurred retirement and bridge employment.
Various aspects of retirement including financial and social adjustments.

Old Age Security (OAS)

Financial considerations and eligibility for older adults.

Factors Contributing To The Need For Long Term Care

Various factors lead to the need for longer range care services including cognitive and physical health conditions.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts in the psychology of relationships, including theories of relationship maintenance, the impact of empty nest syndrome, and various partnership dynamics. Test your understanding of how relationships evolve over time and the factors that influence couple satisfaction.