Psychology Flash Cards PDF

1 Chapter 8: Personality Psychodynamic Perspective  2 Ego Psychology - the part of the mind that controls rational thought ○ Erikson’s Theory - each points in egos development is a push-pull toward fa...

1 Chapter 8: Personality Psychodynamic Perspective  2 Ego Psychology - the part of the mind that controls rational thought ○ Erikson’s Theory - each points in egos development is a push-pull toward favourable vs unfavourable outcomes ○ Identity Status Model Identity Achieved - balanced, mature, explore Foreclosed - over couse of adulthood use identity assimilation; dont explore as much but achieve iden assimulation Moratorium - open and curious but also anxious, depressed, low self-esteem Identity Diffused - delinquent, drug related behaviours, especialy “care free”  3 Expressions of Generativity Benefits shirt from others from you; Parenting - ppl high in Mentoring, spending time with them; strengthening the ‘quiet ego’; altursm and concern generativity have children who family bonds with larger community are happier, more likely to plan for the future, higher in prosocial attributes, higher in social interest  4 Pathway Model Triumphant trail - overcomes challenges Authentic road - exploration and open to change Straight and narrow - avoid changes Meandering way - fails to settles on life course Downward slope - self-defating life decisions  5 Theory of Defense Mechanisms Valliant’s theory of Defense Mechanisms - proposes increasing use of mature defense mechanisms throughout life ○ Older adults cope with anxiety, stress, or frustration with less self-destructive or emotional methods ○ *May change based on circumstances and relationships  6 Defence Mech con’t Mature ○ Sublimation - Humour; finding humour in things; don’t take it too seriously ○ Suppression - Suppress on purpose, aware of it ○ Anticipation - Plan ahead and prepare ○ Altruism - Try to help other people Intermediate ○ Displacement - Place anger on someone else ○ Repression - Forget about it, repressed but not intentional ○ Reaction formation - Act opposite of how you feel; eg angry with someone and become extremely friendly; laugh at a racist “joke” Immature ○ Projection - Blame others ○ Passive aggression - Try to get back at ppl; revenge ○ Acting out - eg outward expressions of anger, violence, loud  7 Adult Attachment Theory - the early bond between infant and caregiver stes the stage for all the individuals later significant relationshps Secure Attachment Style - Feel confident about self and confident that others will treat them well (majority of adults) Anxious Attachment Style - Imagine that adult partners will abandon them Avoidant Attachment Style - Intense fear of abandonment that leads to staying away from all close relationships Attachment Styles In Later Life Older adults less likely to experience anxious attachment Those who had secure attachment as children are happier In later adulthood, individuals may have fewer attachment figures, but those they have come from a wider variety of areas (eg clergy, physicians, caregivers, pets)  8 Trait Approaches to Personality Five Factor Model (“Big 5”) - five basic predispositions (traits) that eachhave 6 facets; tested with the NEO-PI-R (remembers as OCEAN or CANOE); acts as dimenions; used in research Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism  9 Correspondence principle - explains how personality and experiences interact; people experience particular life events that reflect their personality traitsl once these events occur, they further affect peoples personalities Health and personality traits Type A personality; a collection of traits that include being highly competitive, impatient, feeling a strong sense of time urgency, and highly achievement-oriented Type D personality; (where “D” stands for “destressed”) characterizing people with high levels of anxiety, loneliness and depression who try to supress their feelings  10 Social Cognitive Approaches Socioemotional selective theory ○ when people developm a sense of time running out, theyre more likely to focus on the emotional rewards of relationships than the informational ones ○ therefore they prefer to spend time with the people they are closest to in their lives (true for younger and older adults)  11 Cognitive Perspective - people are driven by desire to predict and control their experiences. The three main cognitive approaches to adult personality are: Possible selves Coping and control ○ Problem-focused coping - change the situation ○ Emotion-focused coping - change how you think about the situation Identity process theory  12 Theory of Midlife Crisis Midlife crisis theory - a period of self-scrunity and re-evaluation of goals triggered by the individual’s entry into middle age ○ Levinson’s theory of the midlife crisis is based on the idea that individuals experience transitions from one life structure to another between major periods of life Criticism of midlife crisis ○ 1) Age is not a marker of development ○ 2) Levinson’s book was highly subjective ○ 3) The findings were never replicated  13 Chapter 9: Relationships Marriage and Intimate Relationships Marriage - a legally sanctioned union ○ 45% of Canadians adults 15+ were legally married in 2018 ○ Rate decreased over the years (46% in 2011) ○ Mean age at first marriage in Canada in 2017 was 30 years old for men or 28 years old for women ○ 65 and older - 67% of men and about 50% of women live with a spouse ○ 90 and older - 46% of men by just 8% of women live with a spouse ○ Caregiving implications here Cohabitation ○ in 2017, about 15% of adults aged 25 to 64 live common-law ○ cohbaitation is most common in Quebec; less common among foreign-born Canadians ○ Those living common-law prior to getting married has risen from 25% in 2006 to 30% in 2017 ○ Cohabitation Effect - higher divorce rates among couples who cohaitated before becoming engaged, especially “serial” cohabitators  14 Marriage and Intimate Relationships Living apart together (LAT) - couples that are in long-term and committed relationships but choose to maintain separate residences ○ personal independence it provided, as well as protection from person risks ○ protected from practical, financial and legal risks associated with cohabitation  15 Same-sex couples - Canada legalized same-sex marriage in 2005 ○ In 2020, same-sex marriages were legal in31 countries ○ In 2016, about 1% of all couples in Canada live in same-sex households ○ About ⅓ of same-sex couples are married ○ About 12% of same-sex households live with their children Divorce, separation, and remarriage ○ In 2018, 6% of Canadians were divorced and 3% were separated ○ Increase in divorce and seperation among those 55 and older ○ The probability of divorce is higher for people who are in their second marriage ○ Dynamics of a breakup - Infidelity is often cited as a cause, but it might be the result Identity may play a role in how individuals cope emotionally with divorce Negative emotional outcomes include anxiety, depression, loss of trust; however the divorce may also provide relief from a conflicted relationship  16 Widowhood - in 2019, there were about 1.8 million widows and widowers in Canada, just under 5% of the population ○ among older adults, women are significantly more likely to become widowed ○ Widow effect - a greater probability of death in those who have become widowed compared to those who are married Levels of Depression in 5 Types of Widows  17 Perspectives on Long-Term Relationships *exam  18 Sioemotional selectivity theory - predicts that older adults become more satisified with their long-term partners as their awareness increases of the limited time they have left together with each passing year; positive sentiment override - older adults are more likely…. Social exchange - proposes a cost-benefits approach to a relationships formation and maintenance; when the balance shifts so one that reward doesnt outweigh cost, then one or both partners will break up Equity theory - this theory proposes that partners are satisfied if they are getting what they deserve; partner will constantly adjust their effort to match each other contribution according to the principle of fairness. If they dont then the relationship breaks Similarity - it proposes that similarity of personality and values predicts both initial and interpersonal attraction and satisfaction within long-term relationships Need complementarity - Proposes that ;people seek and are more satisfied with martial partners who are opposite of themselves; eg introverts with extroverts Suffocation model - according to thos model, contemporary adults place more emphasis on marriage as a source of self-expression and fufillment but have less time to devotes to maintaining their marriages than ever before; the higher a couple attempts to move up the hierarchy of the needs the more frustrated they will become with quality of relationship  19 Pathways in Long-Term Relationships Enduring dynamics pathway - a couples interactions early in relationship characterizes course of relationship over time Emergent distress pathway - relationship begins to develop problems over time, made worse by poor conflict resolution Disillusionment pathway - couple starts out happy and in love develops problems over time  20 Families Parenthood - in 2018, there were 372,329 births in Canada, or 10.5 per 1,000 in the population ○ In 2016, the average age of first-time mothers was 29.2 years ○ This age has been increasing steadily since the mid 1960s ○ In 2016, more than ⅓ of adults age 20-34 lived with parents ○ Transition to parenthood (TtP) - The period of adjustment to the new family status represented by a presence of child at home ○ Empty nest - can be a positive step for a couples relationship more leisure time together improved sexual relations greater martial satisfaction ○ The empty nest can also pose challenges identity that is wrapped up in their parent role feeling that they are losing control over their cnhildrens lives having few or….  21 Parent-adult child relationship Filial maturity - when children reach the age of relating to their parents as equals Filial anxiety - the fear of taking care of an aging, infirm parent Filial obligation - the cultural values that adult children are expected to care ofr their parents, including having them live in their homes Intergenerational solidarity model Associational - frequency of interaction with generation Affectual - feelings that you share Consensual - agreement in values, beliefs and lifestyles in diff gen Functional - help exchange focus in relationship Normative - commitment to fufuill family obligations Structural - availability in terms of distance and health  22 Developmental schism - when there is a gap between the two generations in how much they value their relationship and whether they wish to be independent Role reversal - the family situation in which adult children take over their role as a parent because the parents are unable to care for themselves Contingency theory - the parents help their adult children who need it most, particularly in a financial sense Sandwich generation - they are sandwiched between their aging parents and teenaged children Helicopter parents - those who supposedly smother and overprotect their overly dependent children Siblings - positive; close-bond and long-term relationships; negative; resentment and jealousy Grandparents - Five types of grandparents ○ Formal ○ Fun-seeker ○ Surrogate parent ○ Reservoir of family wisdom ○ Distant figure  23 Friendships ○ Patterns of friendships ○ Dyadic withdrawal - the process of reducing the individual friendships of the couple and increasing the joint friendships ○ Peripheral ties - not chracterized by a high degree of closeness ○ Friendship styles - variations in friendship patterns in adulthood based on individual differences in approaches towards friends  24 Chapter 10: Work, Retirement, and Leisure Patterns Work Patterns in Adulthood ○ Labour force- percentage of the population, 15 years and over who did any work at all it also includes those who did not work due to illness or disability, personal or family responsibilities, vacation or labour dispute Income Caries by Gender ○ in 2019, 61% of Canadian women were in the labour force compared to 70% of men ○ in 2017, less than 20% of women were in leadership roles between 1996 and 2016, the number of Canadian women with bachelor's degrees rose 147% and with advanced degrees rose to 200% Gender Gap - expressed as a proportion of women’s to men’s salaries→between 1998 and 2018 the gender wage gap reduced by 5.5%  25 Vocational Development Vocation - a person's choice of occupation ○ reflects person's personal preferences and interests Career - the term that captures the unique connection between individuals and social organizations over time Holland’s Vocational Development Theory ○ people express their personality in their vocational aspirations and interests ○ Holand proposes that there are six basic types that characterize an individual's vocational interests RIASEC model ○ Realistic ○ Investigative ○ Artistic ○ Social ○ Enterprising ○ Conventional  26 This structure implies that the types have relationships with each other based on their distance from each other in the structure  27 Super’s Life-Span Life-Stage Theory focuses on the role of the self and proposes that people attempt to realize their inner potential through their career choices ○ Includes Environmental determinants (eg labour market) Situational determinants (eg period of history) Personal determinants (biological and psychological) ○ But also intersects with life roles as students, citizens, workers, homemakers parent Recycling - workers change their main field of career activity partway into occupational life Career plateauing - people remain static in their vocational development  28 Occupation As Calling a consuming passion for a particular career domain Contributes to a sense of personal meaning and purpose Fulfills identity Factors influencing whether people achieve their calling include ○ Person-environment congruence ○ Career commitment ○ A sense of meaning in work Variations In Vocational Development Boundaryless career - Career that crosses boundaries of employer or organization Protean career - Individuals feel self-directed and driven internally by their own values Vocational Satisfaction The extent to which people find their work enjoyable Extrinsic factors - features that accompany the job but are not central to its performance Intrinsic factors - internal, task required to perform the work itself 29  30 Two-Factor Motivational Theory; intrinsic factors are job ‘motivators’ and extrinsic factors are the ‘hygiene’ conditions present in the workplace  31 Self-Determination Theory; proposes that workers attempt to fulfill their needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness Motivation Crowing Out; describes workers who feel that they cannot fulfill their intrinsic needs because their motivation is controlled entirely by extrinsic factors (ie need money) Positive and Negative Moods ○ Affective events theory; events at work produce affective reactions which influence attitudes toward work and performance ○ In addition, job satisfaction is predicted by: Autonomy Participation in organization Supervisory support Concern by supervisors for employee welfare Personality traits also play a role (agreeableness, neuroticism) People high in subjective well-being tend to be more satisfied  32 Person-environment correspondence Person-environment correspondence theory; predicts the greatest satisfaction when workplace values match workers' needs Six Occupational Reinforcement Patterns Achievement; using one's abilities and feeling a sense of accomplishment Altruism; being of service to others Autonomy; having a sense of control Comfort; not feeling stressed Safety; stability, order and predictability Status; being recognized and serving in a dominant position Work stress Emotional labour; the requirement in service-oriented jobs in which workers must smile and maintain a friendly attitude regardless of their own personal feelings or emotions Workplace bullying; individuals are exposed over a lengthy period to negative interpersonal acts on the job which they cannot cope with or control Workplace justice; Whitehall II showed links between a lack of fair treatment and metabolic syndrome  33 Relationship Between Work And Family Roles Work-family enrichment model; experiences in one role improve the quality of life in the other Work-family conflict model; proposes that people have a fixed amount of time and energy to spend on their life roles  34 Age And Vocational Satisfaction; separating age from job tenure becomes particularly important in understanding vocational satisfaction as individuals grow older 2 studies of 22,000 employees over 4 years; ○ Tenure is associated with a decrease in vocational satisfaction ○ But older employees who switched jobs actually increased in satisfaction ○ Employees who did change jobs also received higher pay Age and Vocational Performance  35 Retirement - the withdrawal of an individual in later life from the labour force Patterns of retirement: ○ Crisp-retirement pattern; leave the labour force in a single unreversed, clear-cut exit ○ Blurred retirement pattern; exit and re-enter the labour force several times ○ Bridge employment; retirees work in a completely different occupation than they had during most of their adult life  36 Facts about retirement Old Age Security (OAS); ○ 65 years old ○ Canadian citizen or legal resident ○ resided in Canada for at least 10 years after age 18 In 2023, age eligibility increased from 65 to 67 Canada Pension Plan (CPP); covers only those in the paid workforce Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS); The Effect Of Retirement On The Individual Role theory of retirement; retirement has deleterious effects because the loss of work role loosens the ties between the individual and society Continuity theory of retirement; retired individuals maintain their self-concept and identity over the retirement transition Life course perspective on retirement; changes in the work role in later life are best seen as logical outgrowths of earlier life events Resource model of retirement; the individual's adjustment to retirement reflects his or her physical, cognitive, motivational, financial, social and emotional resources 37  38 Retirement and marriage Spouse underfoot syndrome vs Second honeymoon News modes of retirement perspective; the characteristics of the person's spouse and lifelong family responsibilities play a role in retirement decisions and adjustments Leisure Results in Later Adulthood Functions of leisure pursuits in adulthood Contribute to sense of identity Provide focus and meaning in life Help maintain health and cognitive functioning Enable social connections to others 39  40 Chapter 11: Mental Health Issues and Treatment Psychological Disorders in Adulthood include a range of behaviours and experiences that ○ Fall outside of social norms ○ Create difficulty for the individual to function in daily lives ○ Put individuals or others at risk of harm Major Reference Manuals ○ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5): the major reference used by mental health professionals in the US and Canada to diagnose people with psychological disorders ○ International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD): references both physical and psychological disorders and used by clinicians and researchers outside of Canada/US  41 Ageism and its effect on service provision Major Depressive Disorder - the major's symptoms are an extremely sad mood that lasts most of the time for at least two weeks and is not typical of the individual's usual mood and/or a loss of interest or pleasure in most activities for most of the day 42  43 Bipolar Disorder - people who have experienced one or more manic episodes in which they feel elated, grandiose, expansive, and highly energetic Bipolar I - may or may not have experienced a period of significant depression along with being manic for at least a week Bipolar II - may have experienced depression and at least one “hypomanic” episode, in which manic symptoms lasted for less than a week Anxiety Disorders* - a sense of dread about what might happen in the future General anxiety disorder - overall sense of uneasiness and concern without specific focus Panic disorders - physical sensation that you are about to die Specific phobia - irrational fear of a particular object or situation ○ Five Categories: animals, natural environment, blood-injection injury, engaging in particular activity, and misc (eg fear of clown) Agoraphobia - fear of being in open/crowded space or space where it is hard to escape (most frequent anxiety disorder in older adults) Social anxiety disorder - extreme anxiety about being watched by other people  44 Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders Obsessive-compulsive disorder - suffer from obsessions, or repetitive thoughts and compulsions, which are repetitive behaviours Hoarding - people collect and store seemingly useless items that they cannot discard Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders Acute stress disorder - experience symptoms for up to a month after trauma Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - symptoms persist for more than a month Late-onset stress symptomatology (LOSS) - aging veterans who were exposed to stressful combat situations in young adulthood and are now re-examine their past wartime experiences Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders Schizophrenia - individuals experience distorted perceptions of reality and impairment in thinking, behaviour, affect and motivation Late-onset schizophrenia - in adults over the age of 45 who develop symptoms of schizophrenia appear to be influenced less by the factors that lead to schizophrenia in younger adults and more by psychosocial stressors such as unemployment  45 Substance-Related Disorders Substance use disorders involve the use of alcohol and/or drugs to a degree that causes clinically significant impairment, including health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school or home Alcohol is the most commonly used and misused substance among older adults Cannabis - Frequency of Cannabis use by age group, household population aged 15 years and older, Canada Gambling - 2018 study of adults 55 and older ○ 7% were experiencing severe problem gambling ○ 20% reported moderate gambling problems ○ Participants spent, an average, 135 hours per year gambling ○ Participants spent an average of about $140 per visit ○ Severe problem gamblers spent about 23% of their income on gambling  46 Personality Disorders - long-standing pattern of inner experience and behaviour that has maladaptive qualities Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by psychopathy; set of traits that include a lack of remorse and an impulsive lifestyle Borderline personality disorder - symptoms that include extreme instability in sense of self and relationships with others, sexual impulsivity, fear of abandonment, repeated suicide attempts, difficulties controlling emotions Obsession-compulsive personality disorder - patterns of behaviour that include excessive rigidity, preoccupation with details and rules, excessive perfectionism, and workaholism  47 Elder Abuse Large category of actions taken directly against older adults that inflict physical or psychological harm Signs of elder abuse are depression, confusion, withdrawn behaviour, isolation from friends and family, unexplained injuries, appearing in need of care, having bedsores, and making changes in banking and spending patterns Five types of elder abuse ○ Physical abuse ○ Psychological abuse ○ Financial exploitation ○ Neglect ○ Sexual abuse  48 Suicide  49 Treatment Issues in Mental Health Care Professional Geropsychology - the application of gerontology to the psychological treatment of older adults Pikes Peak Model of Geropsychology - a set of competencies that professional geropsychologist are expected to have when working with older adults Assessment Psychological assessment - a procedure in which a clinician provides a formal evaluation of an individual's cognitive, personality, and psychosocial functioning ○ Clinicians should tailor each assessment they conduct to the physical and cognitive needs of their clients In the case of older individuals, take into account certain sensory, motor and cognitive accomodations Clinical interview - a series of questions that they administer in face-to-face interactions with the client  50 Mental status examination - assesses a clients current state of mind ○ Orientation; examinees know where they are (place), what time it is (time), and who they are (person) Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) - Individuals answer true-false questions about their symptoms ○ The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D): 20-item questionnaire that screens for depressive symptoms Treatment Medical interventions ○ Psychotherapeutic medications - attempt to reduce an individuals psychological symptoms ○ Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - an electric current is applied through electrodes attached across the head Psychotherapy ○ Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) - the clinician encourages clients to develop more adaptive behaviours and ways of thinking about their experiences  51 ○ Problem-Solving Therapy (PST) - patients are taught systematic ways of identifying and solving their actual life problems Serious Mental Illness Rates of serious mental illness in Adults by age, USA, 2017  52 Chapter 12: Long-Term Care Institutional facility - a group residential setting that provides individuals with medical or psychological care ○ !!!Do not say institutional facility instead say long-term care homes!!! ○ In Canada, facility-based long-term care is not covered by the Canada Health Act and although many Canadians are unaware of this, it is not a fully insured health service in any province or territory Each jurisdiction is responsible for providing long-term care “Long-term care” = “continuing care” in Alberta  53 An Overview of Long-Term Care  54 Community-based services Aging in place - with appropriate services, older adults can remain in their own homes, or at least in their own communities  55 Home-care services Home care - provides assistance to older adults within their own private residences Alternate Level of Care (ALC) - patients – they reside in hospitals but no longer need such a high level of care but are simply waiting for a long-term care bed ○ About 75% of total home care hours are provided by unpaid caregivers Adult day programs - older adults who need assistance or supervision during the day receive a range of services in a setting that is either attaches to another facility, such as a nursing home, or is a stand-alone agency ○ Respite care - provides family caregivers with a break while allowing the older adult to recieve needed support services Supportive or assisted living facility - provides care services and supervision to individuals who do not require skilled nursing care ○ Services provided may include: ○ social activities ○ Meals ○ Housekeeping ○ assistance with personal care ○ access to an on-call nurse and/or non-regulated care provider  56 Nursing homes and long-term care Nursing home - a type of medical institution that provides a room, meals, skilled nursing and rehabilitative care, medical services, and protective supervision ○ Long-term care homes in Canada are funded by both public and private There is general recognition that there is a shortage of beds, especially in First Nations communities Relocating to long-term care home 5 recommendations for relocating people with dementia ○ Adequate preparation and education about the transition proess with informational resources ○ Complete and timely written and verbal communication across settings as individuals move from one care setting to another ○ An evaluation of individuals’ and caregivers’ personal preferences and goals ○ Strong interprofessional collaboration among team members ○ The use existing evidence-based models of care to inform the relocating process  57 Psychological issues in long-term care Competence-Press Model  58 The quality of long-term care facilities Resident Assessment Instrument includes indices of physical, cognitive and psychosocial health Canada accredits more than 1,100 healthcare and social service agencies Human resources are the key to quality care in nursing homes Adequate staff training is essential for those working in long-term care Front-line workers are underpaid, subjected to physical and emotional abuse by the resident or relative More government funds are required to meet needs but also adequate staff training Suggestions for improving long-term care homes Person-centred care Green-house design