Psychology of Learning Theories
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of central cohesion in learning?

  • Integrating individual pieces of information.
  • Understanding the situation as a whole. (correct)
  • Defining learning milestones.
  • Memorizing facts without context.

Which of the following best describes executive function in learning?

  • The process of responding reflexively to stimuli.
  • The ability to memorize and recall information.
  • The use of social interactions to facilitate learning.
  • The ability to plan, organize, and be flexible. (correct)

What does the Theory of Mind entail in the learning context?

  • Understanding reflex actions and their impact.
  • Memorizing procedures for problem-solving.
  • Developing emotional resilience through experiences.
  • Comprehending the thoughts and beliefs of oneself and others. (correct)

Which of the following stages is NOT part of the 3-step view for addressing new learning?

<p>Assessing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key goal in the learning process according to interactionist perspectives?

<p>To constantly adapt and give meaning to experiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which learning theory emphasizes the role of social interactions in cognition?

<p>Social Cognitive Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element in learning refers to the cognitive bias towards local parts instead of the overall context?

<p>Weak Central Coherence theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of learning involves sifting through experiences to find solutions?

<p>Thinking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason individuals seek to understand the relationship between causes and effects?

<p>To improve their ability to cope with their environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of curiosity decreases as individuals grow older, leading to fewer risks taken?

<p>Perceptual curiosity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the principles for facilitating learning proposed by Carl Rogers, which of the following promotes effective learning?

<p>Self-initiated learning that involves the whole person (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals respond to learning opportunities that threaten their self-perception?

<p>They often resist such learning experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does active participation play in the learning process according to the principles outlined?

<p>It enhances the effectiveness of learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate aim of learning as suggested in the content?

<p>To achieve a sense of comfort and personal order (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about human learning and behavior?

<p>Learning is primarily based on experience rather than instinct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about learning that incorporates the process of change?

<p>It supports lifelong learning and self-awareness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in Meichenbaum's five steps for teaching self-instructions?

<p>Cognitive modelling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does self-monitoring play in behavioral change?

<p>It helps individuals track their behaviors for improvement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does self-reinforcement affect academic performance?

<p>It enhances motivation by rewarding goal achievements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a strategy for imposing stimulus control to encourage desired behaviors?

<p>Studying in a library (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is not involved in the cognitive side of self-regulation?

<p>Competition with peers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-efficacy primarily related to?

<p>Belief in one's own capability to succeed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique can enhance self-monitoring according to the content?

<p>Employing video technology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of self-regulated learning?

<p>Adjusting strategies as needed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do cognitive factors play in the learning process?

<p>They are essential for understanding the consequences of behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following summarizes a key concept of social learning theory?

<p>Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence each other. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of generalized imitation according to Miller and Dollard?

<p>It is strengthened by reinforcement for copying behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does self-reinforcement function in the context of imitation?

<p>It develops from imitated behaviors leading to satisfying outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of reinforcement by a model in learning?

<p>A teen imitates fashion styles accepted by their peer group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects a misconception of social cognitive theory?

<p>Observational learning is only effective in formal education. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial for understanding learning in social contexts?

<p>Behavior, personal factors, and environmental influences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did cultural examples, such as Beatles-inspired haircuts, illustrate in terms of learning?

<p>Reinforcement by peers can sustain imitative behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the interaction between behavior, personal factors, and environmental conditions?

<p>Reciprocal causation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is NOT a cognitive factor in social learning theory?

<p>Environmental reinforcement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do mirror neurons play in modeling behavior according to social learning theory?

<p>They suggest a biological predisposition to imitate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does vicarious reinforcement primarily contribute to learning?

<p>By enhancing emotional responses in the observer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of observing a model who faces no consequences for misbehavior?

<p>It may encourage similar misbehavior in others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Bandura, what is a key aspect of modeling?

<p>It involves demonstration and imitation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following NOT an effect of reinforcement to the model?

<p>Makes the model less relatable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the observable actions and reactions of an individual referred to in reciprocal causation?

<p>Behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily motivates people regarding their goals?

<p>Their feelings about achieving the goal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which emotion is NOT considered a self-conscious emotion?

<p>Excitement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does boredom affect learning?

<p>It makes it hard to stay focused and engaged. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of positive emotions on learning?

<p>They improve focus and information retention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive dissonance motivate a person to do?

<p>Resolve conflicts between beliefs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes state anxiety from trait anxiety?

<p>State anxiety is specific to situations, while trait anxiety is a stable reaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about anxiety is true?

<p>A little anxiety can enhance performance on easier tasks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do emotions play in how we remember information?

<p>Emotions can make information more memorable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Epistemic Curiosity

A natural drive to understand the cause-and-effect relationships in our environment, helping us adapt and make better decisions in everyday life.

Perceptual Curiosity

A feeling triggered by encountering something surprising, puzzling, or conflicting with our existing knowledge.

Perceptual Curiosity Decline

Curiosity that decreases as we grow older, leading to taking fewer risks or challenges.

Incidental Learning

The majority of learning happens naturally and unintentionally throughout our lives.

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Threat to Self-Perception in Learning

Learning involves changing our perception of ourselves, which can be uncomfortable and resisted.

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Minimizing External Threats in Learning

When external threats are minimized, individuals are more likely to accept learning experiences that challenge their self-perception.

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Rogers' Principles of Facilitating Learning

Humans have a natural potential to learn and are motivated to learn when they perceive it as relevant to their personal needs.

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Lifelong Learning & Metacognition

The most beneficial learning involves self-reflection and becoming aware of our own learning process, fostering openness to new experiences, and embracing continuous growth.

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Observational Learning

Learning that happens by observing others, without immediate behavior change.

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Personal Agency

The belief that people can actively shape their environment through their actions and choices.

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Reciprocal Causation

Explains how learning occurs through a continuous interplay between personal factors, behavior, and environment.

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Generalized Imitation

The tendency to imitate behaviors that have been reinforced in the past.

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Reinforcement By the Model

When the model is rewarded directly for their behavior, increasing the chance of the observer imitating.

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Reinforcement By a Third Person

When a third party rewards the observer for imitating the model's behavior.

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Self-Reinforcement

When the imitator experiences satisfying outcomes from the imitated behavior.

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Operant Conditioning and Imitation

The idea that learners are more likely to copy behaviors that have been previously reinforced, even without direct observation.

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Behaviorism

A learning theory focused on observable behaviors and how they are shaped by environmental stimuli and consequences.

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Cognitive Perspective

A learning theory that emphasizes the role of mental processes in learning, such as attention, memory, perception, and problem-solving.

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Thorndike's Connectivism

A theory proposed by Edward Thorndike that emphasizes the role of reinforcement in learning. The more often a behavior is followed by a reward, the more likely it is to be repeated.

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Pavlov's Classical Conditioning

A theory proposed by Ivan Pavlov, focusing on associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, creating a conditioned response.

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Skinner's Operant Conditioning

A learning theory proposed by B.F. Skinner, focusing on how behaviors are learned through consequences. Behaviors followed by positive reinforcement are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by punishment are less likely.

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Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

A learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura that emphasizes the role of observational learning and social interactions in acquiring knowledge, skills, and behaviors.

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Vygotsky's Socio-historical Theory

A learning theory that emphasizes the importance of social interaction and cultural contexts in learning. It highlights the role of language and collaboration in fostering development.

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Piaget's Genetic Epistemology

A learning theory that proposes a series of stages of cognitive development, each characterized by specific abilities and ways of thinking. It emphasizes the role of experience and interaction with the environment in shaping intellectual growth.

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Meichenbaum's Five Steps for Self-Instruction

A strategy that helps people learn to regulate their own behavior by guiding them through a series of steps, starting with external guidance and gradually transitioning to internalized self-instructions.

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Self-Monitoring

The ability to observe and evaluate one's own behavior, which can lead to positive changes. This includes noticing and tracking both desirable and undesirable behaviors.

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Self-Imposed Stimulus Control

A strategy for influencing behavior by creating environments that either increase or decrease the likelihood of specific actions. This involves arranging the surroundings to make desired behaviors easier and undesired behaviors more difficult.

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Self-Regulated Learning

This refers to the ability to regulate learning by setting goals, monitoring progress, adjusting strategies, and using cognitive and social cognitive skills.

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Self-Efficacy

The belief in one's ability to successfully perform a task or achieve a goal. This belief is crucial for motivation and self-regulation.

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Social Learning & Modeling

The observation of others' behavior, especially when there are no consequences for their actions, can lead to similar behavior in others. This occurs because we learn from observing the outcomes of others' behavior.

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Cognitive Factors in Social Learning

Social learning involves not just observing, but also processing and internalizing what we see. This includes attention, memory, and understanding the consequences of actions.

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Modeling

Observing a model's behavior and attempting to imitate it. It's a key learning process in how we learn social skills and values.

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Vicarious Reinforcement

When a model's behavior is rewarded, it can reinforce the observer's motivation to engage in similar behavior. This is a key factor in how we learn through observation.

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Vicarious Punishment

Seeing someone else being punished for a behavior can discourage the observer from engaging in that behavior. This is a powerful way of learning what's appropriate or inappropriate.

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Biological Predisposition to Imitate

Modeling is biologically rooted, as humans are naturally predisposed to imitate behavior seen in others. This suggests that social learning is an instinctual process.

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Balance in Learning Environments

Effective learning environments consider the interplay between observed behavior, personal beliefs, and the surrounding environment. This helps create learning opportunities that are both relevant and impactful.

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Emotional Motivation

The emotional outcomes we expect from achieving a goal influence our motivation. Positive feelings about success and negative feelings about failure drive us to act.

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Self-Conscious Emotions

Feelings like shame, pride, or guilt arise from how we perceive our actions based on societal norms.

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Boredom and Engagement

Boredom happens when a task is too easy, too hard, or uninteresting, making it hard to stay focused and engaged.

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Pleasant vs. Unpleasant Emotions

People generally prefer positive emotions like excitement. Cultures influence what kind of mood people enjoy.

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Cognitive Engagement and Mood

Positive emotions enhance learning and memory, while negative emotions like anxiety and frustration can hinder it.

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Cognitive Dissonance

When ideas clash with our existing beliefs, it causes discomfort, motivating us to either change our beliefs or ignore the new information.

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Affect and Cognition

Emotions make information more memorable. We remember emotional content better than neutral information, and our mood can affect how we recall things.

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Hot Cognition

Emotional feelings are linked to thinking, which helps us remember and pay attention to emotional content.

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Study Notes

Learning Theories

  • Learning is a process of change in behaviour or the potential to behave in a specific way through experience.
  • Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour or the capacity to behave due to experience,
  • Learning is the key to survival.

Learning in Humans

  • Human learning is distinguished from other animals.
  • Humans are born into a culture that conserves and transmits past learnings.
  • In comparison, other species start their learning afresh each generation.

Psychological Definition of Learning

  • Psychologists often define learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.

Characteristics of Learning

  • Learning is a process that is not always obvious unless there is a difficulty.
  • Learning plays a vital role in the development of individuals as well as the development of society.
  • Learning and taking risks are intrinsic to being human, it can be satisfying even if one fails.

Curiosity

  • Innate need to understand and discover the world. This is something that has existed for many generations.

  • Our ancestors' behaviours show inherent curiosity – exploring, experimenting procreating etc.

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Description

Explore various concepts in the psychology of learning through this quiz. Delve into theories such as central cohesion, executive function, and the role of social interactions in cognition. Assess your understanding of key principles and biases that influence the learning process.

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