Podcast
Questions and Answers
What characterizes the pre-operational stage of cognitive development according to Piaget?
What characterizes the pre-operational stage of cognitive development according to Piaget?
Which stage of Piaget’s theory involves logical thinking and understanding reversibility?
Which stage of Piaget’s theory involves logical thinking and understanding reversibility?
What type of memory is characterized by the recollection of skills and routines, like riding a bike?
What type of memory is characterized by the recollection of skills and routines, like riding a bike?
What is the capacity of Short-Term Memory as proposed by the Multi-Store Model?
What is the capacity of Short-Term Memory as proposed by the Multi-Store Model?
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Which concept suggests that memory is influenced by mental frameworks known as schemas?
Which concept suggests that memory is influenced by mental frameworks known as schemas?
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Which mindset, according to Dweck, reflects the belief that effort can improve abilities?
Which mindset, according to Dweck, reflects the belief that effort can improve abilities?
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What is the duration range for Short-Term Memory as described by the Multi-Store Model?
What is the duration range for Short-Term Memory as described by the Multi-Store Model?
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What learning method suggests focusing on effort rather than innate ability in educational practices?
What learning method suggests focusing on effort rather than innate ability in educational practices?
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What is one of the symptoms of depression according to ICD-10?
What is one of the symptoms of depression according to ICD-10?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with mood regulation in depression?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with mood regulation in depression?
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What does Beck's Cognitive Triad in cognitive therapy address?
What does Beck's Cognitive Triad in cognitive therapy address?
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What structure of the brain is primarily responsible for voluntary actions?
What structure of the brain is primarily responsible for voluntary actions?
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What term describes the variable that is manipulated by the researcher in an experiment?
What term describes the variable that is manipulated by the researcher in an experiment?
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Which sampling method gives everyone an equal chance of being selected?
Which sampling method gives everyone an equal chance of being selected?
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What is a common treatment method for addiction?
What is a common treatment method for addiction?
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Which hemisphere of the brain is associated with language and analytical thinking?
Which hemisphere of the brain is associated with language and analytical thinking?
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In experimental research, what does the dependent variable measure?
In experimental research, what does the dependent variable measure?
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Which psychological treatment focuses on challenging negative thought patterns?
Which psychological treatment focuses on challenging negative thought patterns?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Development
- Piaget's Stages: Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Learning through senses and movement; object permanence crucial. Pre-operational (2-7 years): Egocentric thinking; lack of conservation. Concrete Operational (7-11 years): Logical thinking emerges; understanding of conservation and reversibility. Formal Operational (11+ years): Abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking develop.
- Piaget's Theory Evaluation: Strengths in influencing education (active learning). Weaknesses in underestimating teaching and cultural differences.
- Mindsets (Dweck): Fixed mindset: abilities are innate and static; growth mindset: effort improves skills and intelligence. Growth mindset applications boost motivation.
- Willingham's Theory: Importance of factual knowledge and repeated practice. Criticises Piaget's underestimation of prior knowledge.
- Praise and Observational Learning: Effective praise focuses on effort, not ability. Observational learning (Bandura) involves learning by observing others, especially role models.
Memory
- Types of Memory: Episodic (events and experiences), semantic (facts and meanings), procedural (skills like riding a bike).
- Multi-Store Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin): Sensory memory: brief information store; Short-Term Memory (STM): limited capacity (7 ± 2 items), duration ~18–30 seconds; Long-Term Memory (LTM): unlimited capacity and duration. Key processes: encoding, storage, retrieval.
- Reconstructive Memory (Bartlett): Memory influenced by schemas (mental frameworks), culture, and expectations; not an exact replica.
- Memory Applications: Using mnemonics, chunking, and rehearsal improves memory. Important implications for eyewitness testimony where memory is fallible and reconstructive.
Psychological Problems
- Depression: Symptoms (ICD-10): Persistent low mood; fatigue; appetite and sleep disturbances; poor concentration. Causes: biological (serotonin deficiency); cognitive (Beck's Cognitive Triad: negative views about self, world, future). Treatments: SSRIs (increase serotonin); Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
- Addiction: Symptoms: Dependency; cravings; withdrawal effects. Causes: biological (dopamine reward system reinforcement); social (peer pressure, availability, role models). Approaches: Detox programs; CBT; group therapy (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous).
Brain and Neuropsychology
- Brain Structure: Cerebrum (largest, decision-making, memory, voluntary action); Cerebellum (balance, movement); Brainstem (automatic processes, breathing, heart rate).
- Neurons and Synapses: Neuron structure: dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminals. Synaptic transmission: electrical impulse releases neurotransmitters across the synaptic gap, binding to receptors on adjacent neurons. Neurotransmitters include serotonin and dopamine.
- Lateralization (Split-Brain Research): Left hemisphere: language, logic, analysis; Right hemisphere: creativity, emotion, spatial awareness. Phineas Gage case study highlights frontal lobe damage impacts personality & decision-making.
Research Methods
- Experimental Methods: Lab experiment (high control, low ecological validity); Field experiment (natural setting, less control); Natural experiment (no manipulation, pre-existing variables).
- Key Terms: Independent variable (IV); Dependent variable (DV); extraneous variables.
- Sampling Methods: Random sampling (equal chance for all); Opportunity sampling (available participants); Stratified sampling (proportional representation of groups).
- Ethics: Informed consent; right to withdraw; confidentiality; debriefing; protection from harm.
- Data Analysis: Quantitative (numerical); Qualitative (descriptive); Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode); Correlations (positive/negative relationships).
Exam Tips
- Key Terms: Use psychological terminology; Studies: Reference relevant studies; Structure: Use PEE (Point, Evidence, Explanation); Time Management: Plan time; Ethics: Evaluate ethical considerations in research scenarios.
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Description
This quiz covers key theories in cognitive development, focusing on Piaget’s stages, Dweck's mindsets, and Willingham’s perspectives. It evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of these theories and discusses the importance of effort in learning. Prepare to test your knowledge on these fundamental concepts in educational psychology!
