38 Questions
What is a characteristic of passive-aggressive behaviours?
It is a hostile behaviour that does not inflict physical harm
What is the primary goal of hostile aggression?
To make the victim suffer
What is a key distinguishing feature of instrumental aggression?
It is a goal-oriented behaviour
What is anger, according to the text?
A normal human emotion
What is a limitation of the 2-category division of aggression?
It does not account for multiple motives
What is a possible consequence of not managing anger properly?
Increased aggression
What is a type of crime that often involves instrumental aggression?
Robbery
What is a better way to understand aggressive actions, according to the text?
By placing them on a continuum
What is a characteristic of individuals with hostile attribution bias?
They tend to view the world through blood-red tinted glasses.
What is a script in the context of social problem-solving?
A cognitive program acquired over time and stored in a person's memory
What is a consequence of making hostile attributions in childhood?
Escalation of aggression in response to provocation.
How are scripts typically learned?
Through direct experiences and observing significant others
What is a characteristic of violent youth?
They define social problems in hostile ways.
When does hostile attribution bias begin to develop?
During preschool years.
What happens to scripts once they are established?
They become resistant to change and may persist into adulthood
What role do parents play in script development?
Children tend to mimic their parents' aggressive behaviors and encode their scripts
What is a factor that contributes to the development of hostile attribution bias?
Early exposure to family abuse or maltreatment.
What is a consequence of peer rejection for children prone to hostile attribution bias?
Maintenance of hostile attribution bias.
What is the Hostile Attribution Model?
A tendency to perceive hostile intent in others, even when it is lacking
What is involved in the evaluation process of script selection and use?
All of the above
What is a characteristic of children who outgrow hostile attribution bias?
They develop advanced social-cognitive skills.
What is a consequence of broken trust in children?
They think everyone is trying to harm them.
What happens to scripts that are inconsistent with internalized standards?
They are not stored or utilized
What is the role of emotions in script selection and evaluation?
Emotions influence script selection and evaluation
What is the likely outcome when an individual's behaviour towards a certain goal is thwarted?
Frustration and anger
Why may people in deprived conditions not be frustrated?
They do not expect better circumstances
What is the only plausible response to frustration according to the original hypothesis?
Aggression
What is the revised hypothesis's first step in the process of responding to frustrating circumstances?
Person is blocked from obtaining expected goal
What factor influences whether or not a person acts aggressively in response to frustration?
Their learning and interpretation of the event
What is the 'Weapons Effect' in the context of aggression and violence?
The presence of a weapon facilitates overt aggression and violence
What is the flaw in the research that tried to replicate the 'Weapons Effect' finding?
Demand Characteristics
What is the 'Weapons Effect' also known as in the context of crime and witness testimony?
The Suggestion that the mere presence of a weapon leads a witness to concentrate on the weapon
What is the excitation transfer theory often used to explain?
Road rage incidents
Which of the following is NOT a component of the general aggression model (GAM)?
Social norms
What is the main difference between reactive and proactive forms of aggression?
Reactive aggression is impulsive, while proactive aggression is planned
Which theory suggests that people learn aggressive behavior by observing and imitating others?
Social learning theory
What is the contagion effect in the context of aggression?
The imitation of aggressive behavior by others
What is the primary focus of the cognitive models of aggression?
Behavior patterns, emotions, cognitions, and development
Study Notes
Frustration and Aggression
- Frustration arises when behaviour towards a certain goal is thwarted, leading to aggression
- People in deprived conditions may not feel frustrated unless they expect better
Response to Frustration
- Aggression is only one possible response to frustration
- Other reactions include:
- Withdrawal
- Doing nothing
- Getting out of the situation completely
- Compromising
- Individual differences play a significant role in responding to frustrating circumstances
Revised Hypothesis
- When a person is blocked from obtaining an expected goal, frustration results, generating anger
- Anger predisposes the person to behave aggressively
- Whether or not the person acts aggressively depends on:
- Learning
- Interpretation of the event
- Individual way of responding to frustration
- Presence of aggression-eliciting stimuli in the environment
Weapons Effect
- Firearms are associated with aggression and can facilitate overt aggression and violence
- Visible weapons can facilitate aggressive responses rather than inhibit them
Passive-Aggressive Behaviours
- Hostile behaviours that do not inflict physical harm, such as refusing to speak to someone
- Generally interpreted as aggressive in intent
- Behaviour is passive and indirect
Types of Aggression
Reactive-Impulsive Aggression
- Occurs in response to anger-inducing conditions (e.g., real or perceived insults, physical attacks, failures)
- Aggressor's goal is to make the victim suffer
- Characterized by intense and disorganizing emotion of anger
Instrumental Aggression
- More purposeful and goal-oriented
- Begins with competition or desire for an object or status possessed by another person
- Perpetrator tries to obtain the desired object regardless of the cost
- May harm the victim to obtain the desired goal if the victim interferes
Scripts and Aggression
- Learned through daily experiences and observing significant others
- Each script is unique to each person and becomes resistant to change
- Can be retrieved and used when an individual faces a problem
- Emotions play a crucial role in script selection and evaluation
Hostile Attribution Model
- Tendency to perceive hostile intent in others, even when it is lacking
- People prone to violence are more likely to interpret ambiguous actions as hostile and threatening
- Children who consistently make hostile attributions about others may escalate aggression in response to provocation and become chronically anxious
This quiz explores the psychological concepts of frustration, aggression, and individual differences in response to frustrating situations. Learn about the possible reactions to thwarted goals and the role of expectations in experiencing frustration.
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