Psychology of Emotions and Thinking Errors

The interpretation of a situation that triggers an emotional response.

Complex psychological states marked by expressive behaviors, subjective experience, motivational tendencies, and physiological changes.

Basic emotions such as fear or anger are distinct from each other and natural.

The tendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs, even if it is inaccurate.

Thinking errors caused by the desire to maintain a belief, despite evidence to the contrary.

The ability to think about and analyze one's own thinking processes.

The lack of awareness or inaccurate knowledge of one's own biases.

The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal factors and negative outcomes to external factors.

The tendency to overestimate one's abilities and qualities compared to others.

The tendency to overestimate the role of dispositional factors and underestimate the role of situational factors in explaining others' behavior.

Being held responsible for explaining or justifying one's judgments.

The process of arousing and directing behavior toward a goal.

The tendency to overestimate the likelihood of events that are easily recalled or vividly imagined.

The belief that after a series of independent events, a particular outcome is due to occur soon.

The tendency to judge the probability of an event by how well it fits a prototype or expectation.

Slow, deliberate, analytical thinking that requires effort and conscious attention.

Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify decision-making.

The idea that people are economical with their cognitive resources and tend to conserve their mental energy.

The idea that people are rational within the limits of their cognitive abilities and available information.

Larger random samples are more likely to be representative of the population than smaller samples.

The tendency to favor the current state of affairs and resist change.

The process of critically reading and reflecting on written work to improve its clarity, accuracy, and coherence.

Language plays a role in expressing thoughts and externalizing thinking.

Language that allows for embedding phrases or clauses within each other.

Language uses symbols, such as words, to represent concepts, objects, or ideas.

A message that aims to influence beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors.

Persuasive communication that is often biased or misleading, often used by governments or political entities.

A fallacy that shifts the focus from the argument to the person making the argument.

Language that appeals to emotions rather than logic or reasoned argument.

Making a comparison that is not relevant or meaningful, leading to misleading conclusions

A vague or ambiguous word or phrase used to make a statement seem more convincing than it is.

The quality of being clear, unambiguous, and easily understood.