Psychology Chapter: Emotions and Behavior
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Questions and Answers

What does the 'lock and key' analogy suggest about emotional responses?

  • Emotional responses are solely based on prior experiences.
  • Bodily changes do not influence our emotional experiences.
  • The mind has specific pre-programmed responses to stimuli. (correct)
  • Our emotions are entirely random and unpredictable.

What was a significant critique of James' theory regarding visceral changes?

  • Visceral responses are too slow to account for instant emotional feelings. (correct)
  • Emotional responses are exclusively determined by cognitive processes.
  • All visceral changes are identical regardless of emotional state.
  • Visceral changes can occur too quickly to be related to emotions.

What did Maranon's 1924 study find regarding the relationship between adrenaline and emotional response?

  • Participants had genuine emotional responses consistently.
  • Adrenaline injections had no effect on emotional responses.
  • All participants experienced a strong sense of fear.
  • One-third of participants reported only a pseudo-emotion. (correct)

According to Schachter's two-factor theory, what are the two components that interact to produce emotion?

<p>Visceral sensations and cognitive interpretation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of emotions is highlighted by the statement 'We feel emotions because we perceive bodily changes'?

<p>Physiological changes are the direct cause of emotions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which learning theory emphasizes that observing others being rewarded for helping can influence an individual to help?

<p>Vicarious reinforcement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary finding of Toi and Batson's (1982) study regarding empathy and helping behavior?

<p>Participants with high empathy were more likely to help regardless of the cost. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with the development of prosocial behavior from a cognitive learning perspective?

<p>External rewards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to classical conditioning, what type of emotions can encourage prosocial behavior when paired repeatedly with helping?

<p>Positive emotions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best captures the exchange perspective regarding helping behavior?

<p>Individuals seek to maximize rewards while minimizing costs when helping. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological phenomenon helps explain why participants may not stop unethical actions during experiments?

<p>Transference of responsibility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of aggression is characterized by a primary aim to harm another person due to feelings of anger?

<p>Hostile aggression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the stepwise involvement in harmful actions create a 'slippery slope' effect?

<p>Incremental support decreases resistance to harm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the amygdala play in aggressive behavior?

<p>It activates aggression upon perceiving threats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Phelps et al. (2002), what was the primary focus of their investigation?

<p>Amygdala activation and implicit racial bias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is instrumental aggression motivated by?

<p>Achieving specific goals or motives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can the presence of authority have on an individual's willingness to intervene in unethical situations?

<p>It reduces feelings of distress and accountability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of human behavior does the activation of the amygdala specifically relate to?

<p>Perception of anger in others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of appraisal processes is highlighted as a weakness in emotional understanding?

<p>Difficulty measuring appraisals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which narrative minimized the perceived harm during the circumcision rite in Speisman et al.'s study?

<p>Denial narrative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do appraisals influence emotional responses according to Folkman and Lazarus's findings?

<p>They shape behavioral responses based on perceived stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of experimental stimuli were used in the study by Moreland and Zajonc?

<p>Nonsense words and unfamiliar faces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding related to the mere exposure effect from Moreland and Zajonc's research?

<p>Positive affect increased regardless of conscious awareness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the dynamic framework of emotional understanding emphasize?

<p>Fluidity and change in emotions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common aspect does the weakness regarding cultural differences highlight?

<p>Variability in appraisal processes across cultures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does emotional primacy suggest about affective reactions?

<p>They are independent of cognitive processing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge in studying emotional appraisals is mentioned as a weakness?

<p>Subjectivity and lack of conscious awareness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive factor is implicated in emotional responses according to Moreland and Zajonc's findings?

<p>Subconscious processing of exposure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do typical Chinese houses differ in privacy compared to typical Western homes?

<p>They are surrounded by high walls to enhance privacy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable difference in how Canadian and Asian students recounted stories of being the center of attention?

<p>Canadians tend to narrate from their own point of view. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant cultural difference in self-esteem between independent and interdependent cultures?

<p>Independent cultures foster higher levels of self-esteem. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Japanese and American attitudes toward self-criticism differ?

<p>Japanese are encouraged to engage in more self-criticism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive style is associated with analytic cultures compared to holistic cultures?

<p>Emphasizing rules and categories over interpersonal connections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how Japanese students recall objects in a picture?

<p>They have a better memory for the overall context than focal objects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'field' refer to in holistic cultures?

<p>The interconnectedness of objects and relationships in the environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one implication of the way Japanese students perform in memory tasks?

<p>They are less adept at recognizing objects in varied backgrounds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Kunda and Williams, what factor contributed to participants rating the construction worker as more aggressive?

<p>Ambiguous behaviour of the individual (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which route of persuasion is characterized by careful and thoughtful consideration of the message?

<p>Central route (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically influences a person's decision to engage in central route processing?

<p>Personal relevance of the topic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between attitudes formed through the central route and those formed through the peripheral route?

<p>Peripheral route attitudes tend to be weaker and less persistent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behaviour in the study was reported as low aggression?

<p>Spanked a child (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the arguments presented in a message are weak?

<p>Counterarguments may form, leading to persuasion failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Individualistic vs. Interdependent Cultures

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal independence and self-reliance, while interdependent cultures prioritize group harmony and social connections.

Self-Expression in Cultures

In individualistic cultures, people are encouraged to express their unique thoughts and opinions. In interdependent cultures, conformity and social harmony are highly valued.

Analytic vs. Holistic Thinking

Analytic cultures tend to focus on individual objects and their distinct features, while holistic cultures see connections and relationships within a wider context.

Analytic vs. Holistic Cognition

Analytic thinking breaks down information into its constituent parts, while holistic thinking considers the overall context and interconnectedness.

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Field vs. Object Attention

In analytic cultures, people are encouraged to focus on the 'object' of attention, separating it from the surrounding 'field'. In holistic cultures, people pay more attention to the 'field' and the connections between the object and its environment.

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Memory for Background Information

Japanese people were better at recalling information in the background, suggesting a holistic focus on the complete scene, unlike Americans who focused more on the foreground.

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Objects and Their Context

In holistic cultures, objects are seen as bound to their context and are not easily separated from their environment, while analytic cultures consider objects as independent entities.

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Self-Criticism in Cultures

Interdependent cultures often emphasize 'assisted' self-criticism, focusing on improving oneself through constructive feedback, while individualistic cultures praise individual achievements.

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James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Emotions are not the cause of physiological changes, but the result of them. We experience emotions because we become aware of bodily changes which occur in response to events. The body responds first, then we feel.

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Physiological Changes in Emotions

The bodily changes James refers to include both internal (visceral: heart rate, breathing patterns, etc.) and external (muscle contractions in the face and body).

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Cannon's Critique of James-Lange Theory

The theory that the same visceral changes can occur in various emotional states and even in non-emotional states. Critics argue that the viscera are slow and insensitive, while emotions happen quickly.

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Maranon's Adrenaline Study

A study by Maranon (1924) injected participants with adrenaline, mimicking visceral arousal. Only a third of them reported any emotional response, while the rest experienced 'pseudo-emotions,' suggesting that while arousal is necessary, it's not sufficient for genuine emotion.

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Schachter's Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

This theory emphasizes the two key elements influencing emotional experience: physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. It suggests that our perception of the situation determines the emotional label we attach to our physiological arousal.

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Cognitive Appraisal Theory

A theory suggesting that our emotions are influenced by how we interpret and evaluate a situation.

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Appraisal

The process of evaluating a situation, which can lead to different emotional responses.

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Strength of Cognitive Appraisal Theory

Focuses on individual differences in emotional responses to the same event.

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Dynamic Framework of Cognitive Appraisal Theory

Recognizes that emotions can change based on new information or reevaluation of a situation.

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Integrated Cognition and Emotion in Cognitive Appraisal Theory

Combines thoughts and feelings together.

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Difficulty Measuring Appraisal Processes

A weakness of the theory is that it can be difficult to measure appraisal processes because they are subjective and not always conscious.

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Neglect of Physiological Aspects

A limitation of the theory is that it doesn't fully account for the role of bodily changes, like increased heart rate, in emotional experiences.

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Cultural Differences in Appraisal

A critical point to consider is that appraisal processes may vary across different cultures, impacting emotional experiences.

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Speisman et al. (1964)

A study demonstrating that different narratives about a surgical procedure influenced people's emotional responses.

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Folkman and Lazarus (1990)

A study demonstrating that exam-related stress was influenced by how college students appraised it.

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Prejudice

The tendency to judge individuals based on their group membership, rather than their individual characteristics.

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Ambiguous Information and Prejudice

Prejudice is more likely to influence judgments when information about an individual is unclear or incomplete.

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Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

A model explaining how people are persuaded by messages, with two routes: central and peripheral.

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Central Route of Persuasion

Persuasion through thoughtful consideration of the message's logic and evidence.

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Peripheral Route of Persuasion

Persuasion through superficial cues like source attractiveness or emotional appeal.

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Motivation in ELM

One factor influencing the route of persuasion; higher motivation (e.g., personal relevance) leads to central route processing.

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Low Motivation in ELM

One factor influencing the route of persuasion; lower motivation (e.g., disinterest) leads to peripheral route processing.

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Discrimination

The tendency to act in a discriminatory way towards individuals based on their group membership.

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Aggression

A behavior intended to cause harm, either physically or psychologically.

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Hostile Aggression

Aggression motivated by anger and hostility, aimed directly at harming someone.

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Instrumental Aggression

Aggression used to achieve a goal other than simply inflicting harm, such as gaining status or influence.

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Amygdala

A brain region associated with processing emotions, particularly fear and threat.

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Diffusion of Responsibility

The tendency to act impulsively or irrationally in situations where there is a lack of clear norms or guidelines.

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Slippery Slope

The gradual escalation of behavior, often starting with small steps that lead to larger, more extreme actions.

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Transferred Responsibility

The tendency to attribute responsibility for one's actions to external factors, rather than personal responsibility.

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Implicit Racial Bias

An unconscious bias or prejudice towards a particular group of people, often based on race, ethnicity, or other social factors.

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Vicarious Reinforcement

Observing someone else being rewarded for helping motivates individuals to act similarly.

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Classical Conditioning and Helping

Repeatedly associating helping with positive emotions leads to an automatic response to help in similar situations.

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Cognitive Learning and Helping

Helping behavior is driven by internal satisfaction and moral obligation, rather than external rewards.

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Empathy and Helping Behavior (Toi & Batson, 1982)

Empathy is the strongest predictor of helping behavior, even more than the cost of not helping.

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Exchange Perspective in Helping

People tend to weigh the costs and benefits of helping, choosing actions that maximize rewards and minimize costs.

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Study Notes

2027 Social Psychology Notes

  • Topics covered include self-evaluation, self-regulation, cultural self, cognitive dissonance, social attributions, physiological and cognitive factors on emotion, prejudice and discrimination, conformity, obedience, aggression, helping behaviours, social psychology and health, and improving health behaviours.

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Description

Explore the intricate relationship between emotions and behavior in this quiz covering key theories and studies. Test your knowledge on the 'lock and key' analogy, Schachter's two-factor theory, and the factors influencing prosocial behavior. Gain insights into how emotional responses are linked to bodily changes and cognitive learning.

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