Psychology Chapter: Emotions and Behavior

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Questions and Answers

What does the 'lock and key' analogy suggest about emotional responses?

Emotional responses are solely based on prior experiences.

Bodily changes do not influence our emotional experiences.

The mind has specific pre-programmed responses to stimuli. (correct)

Our emotions are entirely random and unpredictable.

What was a significant critique of James' theory regarding visceral changes?

Visceral responses are too slow to account for instant emotional feelings. (correct)

Emotional responses are exclusively determined by cognitive processes.

All visceral changes are identical regardless of emotional state.

Visceral changes can occur too quickly to be related to emotions.

What did Maranon's 1924 study find regarding the relationship between adrenaline and emotional response?

Participants had genuine emotional responses consistently.

Adrenaline injections had no effect on emotional responses.

All participants experienced a strong sense of fear.

One-third of participants reported only a pseudo-emotion. (correct)

According to Schachter's two-factor theory, what are the two components that interact to produce emotion?

Visceral sensations and cognitive interpretation. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of emotions is highlighted by the statement 'We feel emotions because we perceive bodily changes'?

Physiological changes are the direct cause of emotions. Signup and view all the answers

Which learning theory emphasizes that observing others being rewarded for helping can influence an individual to help?

Vicarious reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary finding of Toi and Batson's (1982) study regarding empathy and helping behavior?

Participants with high empathy were more likely to help regardless of the cost. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with the development of prosocial behavior from a cognitive learning perspective?

External rewards Signup and view all the answers

According to classical conditioning, what type of emotions can encourage prosocial behavior when paired repeatedly with helping?

Positive emotions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best captures the exchange perspective regarding helping behavior?

Individuals seek to maximize rewards while minimizing costs when helping. Signup and view all the answers

What psychological phenomenon helps explain why participants may not stop unethical actions during experiments?

Transference of responsibility Signup and view all the answers

Which type of aggression is characterized by a primary aim to harm another person due to feelings of anger?

Hostile aggression Signup and view all the answers

How does the stepwise involvement in harmful actions create a 'slippery slope' effect?

Incremental support decreases resistance to harm Signup and view all the answers

What role does the amygdala play in aggressive behavior?

It activates aggression upon perceiving threats Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Phelps et al. (2002), what was the primary focus of their investigation?

Amygdala activation and implicit racial bias Signup and view all the answers

What is instrumental aggression motivated by?

Achieving specific goals or motives Signup and view all the answers

What effect can the presence of authority have on an individual's willingness to intervene in unethical situations?

It reduces feelings of distress and accountability Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of human behavior does the activation of the amygdala specifically relate to?

Perception of anger in others Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of appraisal processes is highlighted as a weakness in emotional understanding?

Difficulty measuring appraisals Signup and view all the answers

Which narrative minimized the perceived harm during the circumcision rite in Speisman et al.'s study?

Denial narrative Signup and view all the answers

How do appraisals influence emotional responses according to Folkman and Lazarus's findings?

They shape behavioral responses based on perceived stress Signup and view all the answers

What type of experimental stimuli were used in the study by Moreland and Zajonc?

Nonsense words and unfamiliar faces Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding related to the mere exposure effect from Moreland and Zajonc's research?

Positive affect increased regardless of conscious awareness Signup and view all the answers

What does the dynamic framework of emotional understanding emphasize?

Fluidity and change in emotions Signup and view all the answers

What common aspect does the weakness regarding cultural differences highlight?

Variability in appraisal processes across cultures Signup and view all the answers

What does emotional primacy suggest about affective reactions?

They are independent of cognitive processing Signup and view all the answers

What challenge in studying emotional appraisals is mentioned as a weakness?

Subjectivity and lack of conscious awareness Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive factor is implicated in emotional responses according to Moreland and Zajonc's findings?

Subconscious processing of exposure Signup and view all the answers

How do typical Chinese houses differ in privacy compared to typical Western homes?

They are surrounded by high walls to enhance privacy. Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable difference in how Canadian and Asian students recounted stories of being the center of attention?

Canadians tend to narrate from their own point of view. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant cultural difference in self-esteem between independent and interdependent cultures?

Independent cultures foster higher levels of self-esteem. Signup and view all the answers

How do Japanese and American attitudes toward self-criticism differ?

Japanese are encouraged to engage in more self-criticism. Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive style is associated with analytic cultures compared to holistic cultures?

Emphasizing rules and categories over interpersonal connections. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how Japanese students recall objects in a picture?

They have a better memory for the overall context than focal objects. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'field' refer to in holistic cultures?

The interconnectedness of objects and relationships in the environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is one implication of the way Japanese students perform in memory tasks?

They are less adept at recognizing objects in varied backgrounds. Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Kunda and Williams, what factor contributed to participants rating the construction worker as more aggressive?

Ambiguous behaviour of the individual Signup and view all the answers

Which route of persuasion is characterized by careful and thoughtful consideration of the message?

Central route Signup and view all the answers

What typically influences a person's decision to engage in central route processing?

Personal relevance of the topic Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between attitudes formed through the central route and those formed through the peripheral route?

Peripheral route attitudes tend to be weaker and less persistent Signup and view all the answers

Which behaviour in the study was reported as low aggression?

Spanked a child Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the arguments presented in a message are weak?

Counterarguments may form, leading to persuasion failure Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Topics covered include self-evaluation, self-regulation, cultural self, cognitive dissonance, social attributions, physiological and cognitive factors on emotion, prejudice and discrimination, conformity, obedience, aggression, helping behaviours, social psychology and health, and improving health behaviours.

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Description

Explore the intricate relationship between emotions and behavior in this quiz covering key theories and studies. Test your knowledge on the 'lock and key' analogy, Schachter's two-factor theory, and the factors influencing prosocial behavior. Gain insights into how emotional responses are linked to bodily changes and cognitive learning.