Podcast
Questions and Answers
What component of emotion involves changes in bodily arousal?
What component of emotion involves changes in bodily arousal?
Which of the following is a function of the sympathetic nervous system in relation to emotion?
Which of the following is a function of the sympathetic nervous system in relation to emotion?
What type of emotion measurement relies on personal accounts of feelings?
What type of emotion measurement relies on personal accounts of feelings?
Which component of emotion involves expressing feelings both verbally and non-verbally?
Which component of emotion involves expressing feelings both verbally and non-verbally?
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Which of the following is NOT a change associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a change associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
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What emotion is associated with experiencing a threat?
What emotion is associated with experiencing a threat?
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Which survival function is associated with the emotion of sadness due to the loss of a valued person?
Which survival function is associated with the emotion of sadness due to the loss of a valued person?
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What is a common emotional response to encountering a sudden novel object?
What is a common emotional response to encountering a sudden novel object?
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Which group of emotions is linked with the evolutionary function of courting and mating?
Which group of emotions is linked with the evolutionary function of courting and mating?
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Which region has the highest happiness level based on the scale provided?
Which region has the highest happiness level based on the scale provided?
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Which of the following countries has a happiness rating below 6.0?
Which of the following countries has a happiness rating below 6.0?
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What is NOT one of the elements studied in positive psychology?
What is NOT one of the elements studied in positive psychology?
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What is the main function of emotions such as anger when faced with an obstacle?
What is the main function of emotions such as anger when faced with an obstacle?
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Which theory posits that felt emotions are the result of physiological changes?
Which theory posits that felt emotions are the result of physiological changes?
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What role do emotions play in cognitive functions?
What role do emotions play in cognitive functions?
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According to the Cannon-Bard Theory, when does the activation of the sympathetic nervous system occur?
According to the Cannon-Bard Theory, when does the activation of the sympathetic nervous system occur?
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Which country shared the highest happiness score as mentioned in the report?
Which country shared the highest happiness score as mentioned in the report?
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What does the cognitive-mediational theory emphasize as key to emotional experience?
What does the cognitive-mediational theory emphasize as key to emotional experience?
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What psychological traits are often associated with happy individuals?
What psychological traits are often associated with happy individuals?
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What is the primary focus of facial-feedback theory?
What is the primary focus of facial-feedback theory?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a cognitive function of emotions?
Which of the following is NOT considered a cognitive function of emotions?
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According to the longitudinal study, what was the percentage reduction in risk of death for highly optimistic people?
According to the longitudinal study, what was the percentage reduction in risk of death for highly optimistic people?
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How do different cultures approach the concept of happiness?
How do different cultures approach the concept of happiness?
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According to evolutionary theory, what is a characteristic of basic emotions?
According to evolutionary theory, what is a characteristic of basic emotions?
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Which of the following countries had the lowest happiness score according to the report?
Which of the following countries had the lowest happiness score according to the report?
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Which emotion theory was developed by Richard Lazarus?
Which emotion theory was developed by Richard Lazarus?
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What percentage reduction in risk of heart problems was attributed to being highly optimistic?
What percentage reduction in risk of heart problems was attributed to being highly optimistic?
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Which of the following statements about happiness is true?
Which of the following statements about happiness is true?
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Which of the following countries is associated with a happiness score of 6.8?
Which of the following countries is associated with a happiness score of 6.8?
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Study Notes
Emotion
- Emotion is an intrapersonal state in response to an internal or external event.
- Four components of emotion:
- Physiological: Changes in bodily arousal (e.g., heart rate, temperature, respiration).
- Cognitive/Feeling: Subjective appraisal and interpretation of one's feelings and environment.
- Physical/Behavioral: Expression of emotion verbally and non-verbally (e.g., smiling, frowning, laughing).
- Emotional/Behavioral: Keeping the emotion present (e.g., happiness) or removing it (e.g., sadness).
Physiological Changes and Emotion
- The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for action (e.g., pupils dilate, salvation decreases, increased heart rate, breathing rate increases).
- The parasympathetic nervous system returns the body to its normal state (e.g., pupils constrict, salavation increases, breathing rate decreases).
- Physiological changes in response to emotion encompass various body systems (e.g., eyes, mouth, skin, lungs, heart, adrenal glands, digestion, blood, palms).
Universal Recognition of Emotions
- Paul Ekman's research suggests that there are universally recognized emotional expressions across cultures.
- Images of expressions were used in the study.
Ways to Measure Emotions
- Behavioral displays: Observing behavior and facial expressions.
- Self-reports: Widely used but can have low validity.
- Psychophysiological reactions:
- Face electromyography
- Heart rate
- Skin conductance
- fMRI
Functions of Emotions
- Cognitive functions: Emotions help organize and retrieve memories, prioritize concerns and needs, and guide judgments and decisions.
- Behavioral functions: Emotions alter behaviours and are associated with predictable behavioural patterns that help in adaptation and survival.
- Social functions: Emotions are the foundation of relationships, improve relationship quality, and help with empathy and work performance.
Theories of Emotion
- James-Lange Theory: Felt emotions result from physiological changes.
- Cannon-Bard Theory: Emotions and bodily arousal occur simultaneously.
- Schachter and Singer's Two-Factor Theory: Emotional states are a function of both physiological arousal and cognition.
Testing the Two-Factor Theory
- A study investigated different emotional responses to an injection by varying information provided to participants.
Other Theories of Emotion
- Cognitive-mediational theory (Lazarus): Cognitive interpretations, particularly appraisals of events are critical for experiencing emotion (cognitive appraisal acts as a mediator between stimuli and reaction).
- Facial-feedback theory: Subjective experiences of emotion are influenced by sensory feedback from facial muscular activity.
- Recent studies have presented weak evidence for this effect as a determining factor in influencing emotions.
Duchenne Smile
- A specific type of smile associated with genuine happiness.
- Recognition of authentic smiling often involves subtle differences in facial muscle activity
Survival Function of Emotions
- Evolutionary theory suggests that emotions are innate and passed through generations to facilitate survival.
- Basic emotions are pre-programmed in all humans.
- Different situations/emotions are linked to various survival responses (e.g. threat/fear – fight or flight; obstacle/anger – biting/hitting; courtship/joy – courtship/mating)
Emotion: What Happens in the Brain
- Multiple brain areas and neural pathways are involved in experiencing emotions. (No single brain area is linked to a particular emotion).
What About Positive Emotions?
- Positive psychology studies and strengthens positive feelings, traits, abilities, and virtues.
Happiness Levels Around the World
- A global comparison of happiness using a standardized scale. This study is broken into two parts.
Happiness
- Happy people tend to be optimistic, outgoing, curious, and tender-minded.
- Happiness is associated with high self-esteem, spirituality, goal-direction, and a sense of control.
- Studies show a correlation between happiness in people and reduced risks of death and heart problems.
Happiness is Culturally Variable
- The meaning and importance of happiness vary across different cultures.
Summing Up
- The study of emotions helps to understand underlying motivations of behaviors.
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Description
This quiz explores the intricate components of emotion, focusing on physiological changes and the role of the nervous system. You will learn about how our bodies respond to emotional states and the psychological interpretations involved. Test your understanding of the physiological, behavioural, and cognitive aspects of emotions.
