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Questions and Answers
Which neurotransmitter is inhibitory, decreasing the likelihood that the connecting neuron will fire?
Which neurotransmitter is inhibitory, decreasing the likelihood that the connecting neuron will fire?
- GABA (correct)
- Dopamine
- Norepinephrine
- Serotonin
Excesses or insufficiencies in neurotransmitters are associated with different groups of psychological disorders.
Excesses or insufficiencies in neurotransmitters are associated with different groups of psychological disorders.
- True (correct)
- False
Which division of the nervous system expends energy?
Which division of the nervous system expends energy?
- Sympathetic (correct)
- Somatic
- Parasympathetic
- Autonomic
Which early interpretation linked increases in dopamine activity to schizophrenia?
Which early interpretation linked increases in dopamine activity to schizophrenia?
Which part of the brain is considered the lower and more ancient part?
Which part of the brain is considered the lower and more ancient part?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for processing information received from our sense organs and reacting as necessary?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for processing information received from our sense organs and reacting as necessary?
What is the primary function of the spinal cord?
What is the primary function of the spinal cord?
What is the most complex organ in the human body?
What is the most complex organ in the human body?
What are the two kinds of branches in a neuron?
What are the two kinds of branches in a neuron?
What is the space between the terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of another called?
What is the space between the terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of another called?
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking and reasoning, planning for the future, and long-term memory?
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking and reasoning, planning for the future, and long-term memory?
Which area of the brain synthesizes all information received from other parts of the brain and decides how to respond?
Which area of the brain synthesizes all information received from other parts of the brain and decides how to respond?
Which lobe of the brain is associated with recognizing various sights and sounds and with long-term memory storage?
Which lobe of the brain is associated with recognizing various sights and sounds and with long-term memory storage?
Which lobe of the brain is associated with integrating and making sense of various visual inputs?
Which lobe of the brain is associated with integrating and making sense of various visual inputs?
Which component of the peripheral nervous system controls the muscles and voluntary movement?
Which component of the peripheral nervous system controls the muscles and voluntary movement?
According to the text, which of the following statements is true?
According to the text, which of the following statements is true?
According to the text, what happens to the epigenome if the stressful or inadequate environment disappears?
According to the text, what happens to the epigenome if the stressful or inadequate environment disappears?
According to the text, what is the role of genetic contributions in personality traits and psychological disorders?
According to the text, what is the role of genetic contributions in personality traits and psychological disorders?
According to the text, what is the strongest evidence for the effects of genetic expression?
According to the text, what is the strongest evidence for the effects of genetic expression?
According to the text, what is the relationship between genes and environmental influences in the development of behavior and personalities?
According to the text, what is the relationship between genes and environmental influences in the development of behavior and personalities?
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating our emotional experiences and expressions?
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating our emotional experiences and expressions?
Which part of the brain is involved with the basic drives of sex, aggression, hunger, and thirst?
Which part of the brain is involved with the basic drives of sex, aggression, hunger, and thirst?
Which part of the brain contains more than 80% of all neurons in the central nervous system?
Which part of the brain contains more than 80% of all neurons in the central nervous system?
Which part of the brain is divided into two hemispheres and each hemisphere has different specialties?
Which part of the brain is divided into two hemispheres and each hemisphere has different specialties?
Which part of the brain is responsible for motor coordination and may be associated with autism?
Which part of the brain is responsible for motor coordination and may be associated with autism?
Which of the following statements is supported by the findings of Tienari et al. (1994)?
Which of the following statements is supported by the findings of Tienari et al. (1994)?
According to the text, what can be concluded about the genetic contribution to a personality trait or psychological disorder?
According to the text, what can be concluded about the genetic contribution to a personality trait or psychological disorder?
What did Suomi (2000) demonstrate about the effects of early maternal deprivation on young monkeys?
What did Suomi (2000) demonstrate about the effects of early maternal deprivation on young monkeys?
What can be inferred from the findings of Caspi et al. (2003) in the New Zealand study?
What can be inferred from the findings of Caspi et al. (2003) in the New Zealand study?
What can be concluded from the findings of Turkheimer et al. (2003) regarding genetic influences on cognitive abilities?
What can be concluded from the findings of Turkheimer et al. (2003) regarding genetic influences on cognitive abilities?
Which neurotransmitter is often described as causing depression?
Which neurotransmitter is often described as causing depression?
What is the primary function of agonists?
What is the primary function of agonists?
What is the relationship between neurotransmitter activity and behavior?
What is the relationship between neurotransmitter activity and behavior?
What is the role of existing neurotransmitter systems in psychological disorders?
What is the role of existing neurotransmitter systems in psychological disorders?
Which part of the brain is considered the master or coordinator of the endocrine system?
Which part of the brain is considered the master or coordinator of the endocrine system?
Which system is responsible for energizing and preparing our bodies for threat or challenge?
Which system is responsible for energizing and preparing our bodies for threat or challenge?
Which system has been implicated in several psychological disorders and is linked to depression?
Which system has been implicated in several psychological disorders and is linked to depression?
What is the role of telomeres in the study by Gotlib and colleagues (2015)?
What is the role of telomeres in the study by Gotlib and colleagues (2015)?
Which neurotransmitter is believed to reduce overall arousal and temper emotional responses?
Which neurotransmitter is believed to reduce overall arousal and temper emotional responses?
What is the technical name for serotonin?
What is the technical name for serotonin?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with behaviors such as aggression, suicide, impulsive overeating, and excessive sexual behavior?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with behaviors such as aggression, suicide, impulsive overeating, and excessive sexual behavior?
Which class of drugs primarily affects the serotonin system and is used to treat anxiety, mood, and eating disorders?
Which class of drugs primarily affects the serotonin system and is used to treat anxiety, mood, and eating disorders?
Which type of neurotransmitter is responsible for inhibiting the transmission of information and action potentials?
Which type of neurotransmitter is responsible for inhibiting the transmission of information and action potentials?
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for excitatory transmission and 'turning on' many different neurons, leading to action?
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for excitatory transmission and 'turning on' many different neurons, leading to action?
Which class of drugs makes it easier for GABA molecules to attach themselves to the receptors of specialized neurons, resulting in increased calmness?
Which class of drugs makes it easier for GABA molecules to attach themselves to the receptors of specialized neurons, resulting in increased calmness?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with psychological problems when there is too much or too little of it in the synaptic gap?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with psychological problems when there is too much or too little of it in the synaptic gap?
Which neurotransmitter is part of the endocrine system and stimulates alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic receptors?
Which neurotransmitter is part of the endocrine system and stimulates alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic receptors?
Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and disorders of addiction?
Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and disorders of addiction?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with the release of extra serotonin into the synapse?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with the release of extra serotonin into the synapse?
Which neurotransmitter is blocked by beta-blockers to reduce blood pressure and heart rate?
Which neurotransmitter is blocked by beta-blockers to reduce blood pressure and heart rate?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for mobilizing the body during times of stress or danger?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for mobilizing the body during times of stress or danger?
What are the three things that happen when the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system goes on alert?
What are the three things that happen when the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system goes on alert?
What is the term for the interdisciplinary area of research that focuses on the interaction between hormones, the brain, and behavior?
What is the term for the interdisciplinary area of research that focuses on the interaction between hormones, the brain, and behavior?
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with exploratory, outgoing, pleasure-seeking behaviors?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with exploratory, outgoing, pleasure-seeking behaviors?
What is the primary function of L-dopa?
What is the primary function of L-dopa?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with inhibition and constraint?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with inhibition and constraint?
How many different receptor sites sensitive to dopamine have researchers discovered so far?
How many different receptor sites sensitive to dopamine have researchers discovered so far?
Which neurotransmitter switches on the locomotor system?
Which neurotransmitter switches on the locomotor system?
Which disorder is associated with deficiencies in dopamine?
Which disorder is associated with deficiencies in dopamine?
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for inhibitory transmission and 'turning off' many different neurons, leading to relaxation and sleep?
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for inhibitory transmission and 'turning off' many different neurons, leading to relaxation and sleep?
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating our emotional experiences and expressions?
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating our emotional experiences and expressions?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with behaviors such as aggression, suicide, impulsive overeating, and excessive sexual behavior?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with behaviors such as aggression, suicide, impulsive overeating, and excessive sexual behavior?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with inhibition and constraint?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with inhibition and constraint?
Which type of neurotransmitter is responsible for inhibiting the transmission of information and action potentials?
Which type of neurotransmitter is responsible for inhibiting the transmission of information and action potentials?
Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and disorders of addiction?
Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and disorders of addiction?
Which division of the nervous system expends energy?
Which division of the nervous system expends energy?
Which neurotransmitter is inhibitory, decreasing the likelihood that the connecting neuron will fire?
Which neurotransmitter is inhibitory, decreasing the likelihood that the connecting neuron will fire?
Which part of the brain contains more than 80% of all neurons in the central nervous system?
Which part of the brain contains more than 80% of all neurons in the central nervous system?
What is the role of telomeres in the study by Gotlib and colleagues (2015)?
What is the role of telomeres in the study by Gotlib and colleagues (2015)?
Which component of emotion do most emotion scientists tend to concentrate on?
Which component of emotion do most emotion scientists tend to concentrate on?
What is one function of fear according to the text?
What is one function of fear according to the text?
Which scientist viewed emotion as primarily a brain function?
Which scientist viewed emotion as primarily a brain function?
Which areas of the brain are generally more ancient and primitive according to research?
Which areas of the brain are generally more ancient and primitive according to research?
According to Richard S. Lazarus, what determines the emotion a person experiences?
According to Richard S. Lazarus, what determines the emotion a person experiences?
What do other cognitive scientists suggest about the interaction between cognitive and emotional systems?
What do other cognitive scientists suggest about the interaction between cognitive and emotional systems?
What is the role of appraisal in experiencing different emotions according to Lazarus?
What is the role of appraisal in experiencing different emotions according to Lazarus?
What is the relationship between thinking and feeling according to Lazarus?
What is the relationship between thinking and feeling according to Lazarus?
What do the majority of emotion scientists tend to concentrate on in their research?
What do the majority of emotion scientists tend to concentrate on in their research?
What is the role of emotion in communicating between members of the species?
What is the role of emotion in communicating between members of the species?
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Study Notes
Understanding Psychopathology
- To effectively treat psychopathology, it is more important to identify and target the maintaining factors rather than the initiating factors.
- Neurosurgery is an option for treating severe psychopathology, such as OCD, when other treatments have failed.
Brain Circuits and Psychopathology
- Imaging studies have shown that psychological interventions can change brain function in individuals with OCD, depression, PTSD, and other disorders.
- A study by Baxter et al. (1992) found that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) changed brain function in patients with OCD.
- Similar studies have found that psychological interventions can change brain function in individuals with depression, PTSD, and other disorders.
Placebo Effect
- The placebo effect is a phenomenon where inactive treatments or substances produce a perceived or actual improvement in symptoms.
- Studies have shown that the placebo effect is not just psychological, but can also have a physical impact on the brain.
- A study by Petrovic et al. (2002) found that the placebo effect activated the same brain regions as an opioid drug in pain relief.
Interactions between Psychosocial Factors and Neurotransmitter Systems
- Psychosocial factors can interact with neurotransmitter systems to produce different effects on behavior and mood.
- A study by Insel et al. (1988) found that monkeys raised with a sense of control over their environment had a different response to a benzodiazepine inverse agonist compared to monkeys raised without control.
- Other studies have shown that psychosocial factors can affect the functioning and structure of neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin and dopamine.
Psychosocial Effects on Brain Development
- Psychosocial experiences can affect the development of brain structure and function, including the formation of new neurons and connections between neurons.
- A study by Greenough et al. (1990) found that rats raised in a rich environment had more connections between neurons in the cerebellum and grew more dendrites.
- Similar studies have shown that stress during early development can lead to changes in the functioning of the HPA axis, making individuals more susceptible to stress later in life.
Implications for Treatment
- The study of psychosocial factors and brain development has implications for the treatment of psychopathology.
- Understanding how psychological experiences affect brain function and development can inform the development of new treatments and interventions.
- The concept of precision medicine, which involves tailoring treatments to individual patients based on their brain function and psychological profile, is a promising area of research.### The Structure of the Nervous System
- The structure of the nervous system is constantly changing as a result of learning and experience, even into old age.
- This plasticity of the central nervous system helps us adapt more readily to our environment.
Brain Circuits and Psychopathology
- Specific brain circuits involved in psychological disorders are complex systems identified by pathways of neurotransmitters traversing the brain.
- The structure and function of the nervous system play major roles in psychopathology.
- Both biological interventions (e.g., drugs) and psychological interventions or experience can alter brain circuits.
Psychological Factors in Psychopathology
- Behavioral and cognitive influences play a significant role in psychopathology.
- The field of cognitive science is concerned with how we acquire and process information and how we store and retrieve it.
Conditioning and Cognitive Processes
- Classical conditioning involves the complexity of basic processes, including judgments and cognitive processes.
- The pairing of two events closely in time is not the core of classical conditioning; rather, it involves various judgments and cognitive processes.
The Unconscious and Psychopathology
- The study of the unconscious involves the use of new methods, including the Stroop color-naming paradigm, to reveal unobservable cognitive processes.
- The Stroop paradigm can uncover particular patterns of emotional significance, even if the participant is not aware of them.
Emotions and Psychopathology
- Emotions play a significant role in our day-to-day lives and contribute to the development of psychopathology.
- Fear is an emotion that serves an evolutionary function, preparing us to respond to life-threatening emergencies.
The Physiology and Purpose of Fear
- Fear activates the cardiovascular system, preparing the body for the "fight or flight" response.
- Physiological responses to fear include increased heart rate, blood flow redirection, trembling, and increased oxygen supply to the brain.
Emotional Phenomena
- Emotions are linked to an action tendency, elicited by an external event, and accompanied by a characteristic physiological response.
- Emotions can be understood as a means, guided by evolution, to get us to do what is necessary to pass on our genes successfully.
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