Questions and Answers
What are the basic components of emotion?
Physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, consciously experienced thoughts and feelings.
What is the James-Lange theory?
The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
What is the Cannon-Bard theory?
The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion.
What is the Schachter-Singer theory?
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What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and what do they do?
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What's the bottom line about lie detectors (polygraphs)?
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What emotion is enhanced by staring into the eyes of another?
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What does the research indicate about nonverbal expression of emotion?
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Research on gender and emotional intelligence suggests....?
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What effect does imitating another person's facial expression usually have?
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What effect does anger catharsis usually have?
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Mentally rehearsing anger produces what physiological responses?
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What effects are produced by major life events, good and bad, on LONG-TERM feelings of satisfaction?
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Subjective well-being is correlated with the value placed on money and love. In which direction(s) (positive or negative) are these correlations?
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What factors are clearly related to life satisfaction?
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Summarize the research on stressful life events.
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What effect does the loss of perceived control have on the body?
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What are Type A personalities? Type B?
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What is relative deprivation and how does it affect satisfaction with life?
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What effect do chronic anger and depression have on heart disease?
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What is aerobic exercise most closely linked to?
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The longest life expectancies are associated with what frequency of religious service attendance?
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Define personality.
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What is the unconscious mind?
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Which approach theorist places the most emphasis on the unconscious mind?
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Define id.
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Define ego.
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Define superego.
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According to Freud, what is the purpose of defense mechanisms?
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Define and be able to identify examples of regression.
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Define and be able to identify examples of displacement.
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Define and be able to identify examples of projection.
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What is the TAT?
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What is the Rorschach?
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What is the MMPI?
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What concept of reaching full potential is Maslow identified with?
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What are the 3 components of unconditional positive regard, according to Rogers?
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What recommendations might Rogers and Maslow have for parents who want to raise children with accepting attitudes?
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What are the Big Five Personality factors?
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What is learned helplessness?
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Summarize the research on locus of control.
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Summarize the research on self-esteem. What response is usually generated when individuals are made to feel insecure?
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Define psychological disorder from the medical model perspective.
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What are the three 'Ds' that define a behavior as disordered?
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What is the DSM-IV? What is it used for?
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What is bipolar disorder?
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What is panic disorder? (And what is a panic attack?)
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What is obsessive-compulsive disorder?
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What is generalized anxiety disorder?
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What is post-traumatic stress disorder?
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What is antisocial personality disorder?
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What is schizophrenia? What are flat affect and catatonia?
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What is major depressive disorder?
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What is dissociative identity disorder?
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Describe the symptoms of the manic phase of bipolar disorder.
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When is the risk of suicide the greatest during the depressive episode?
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Which disorder is most closely associated with abnormally low levels of serotonin?
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Which symptoms are most closely associated with schizophrenia?
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What is an eclectic psychotherapist?
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Differentiate between behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, and psychoanalytic therapies.
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What is behavior therapy?
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What is cognitive therapy?
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Who was Carl Rogers and which type of therapy is he associated with?
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Define systematic desensitization.
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What is a token economy?
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Which type of therapy focuses on eliminating irrational thinking?
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Which disorder is treated with medication that increases norepinephrine or serotonin?
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What is biomedical therapy?
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What is social psychology?
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What is cognitive dissonance?
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What is the bystander effect?
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What effect does the presence of observers have on performance?
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Define altruism.
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Explain fundamental attribution error.
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What is groupthink?
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What is social loafing?
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What is deindividuation?
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What is the just-world phenomenon?
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Summarize the Dutton and Aron study on attraction.
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What characteristics are associated with children who play a lot of violent video games?
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What family factors are associated with violence?
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Study Notes
Basic Components of Emotion
- Emotions consist of physiological arousal (like a racing heart), expressive behaviors (such as a rapid pace), and conscious feelings (like fear followed by joy).
Theories of Emotion
- James-Lange Theory: We experience emotions based on our awareness of physiological responses to stimuli.
- Cannon-Bard Theory: An emotion-arousing stimulus triggers physiological responses and emotional experiences simultaneously.
- Schachter-Singer Theory: Emotion is experienced through physical arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal.
Nervous Systems and Emotions
- The sympathetic nervous system activates stress responses, while the parasympathetic system calms the body after a crisis.
- Lie detectors measure physiological changes tied to emotions but can be inaccurate, often erring with innocent individuals under stress.
Nonverbal Communication and Gender Differences
- Women tend to excel in interpreting emotional cues and demonstrate greater emotional expressiveness.
- Research indicates that women possess higher emotional intelligence than men.
Emotional Responses and Mental Rehearsal
- Imitating facial expressions can enhance the feelings we experience, such as attraction.
- Anger catharsis can temporarily alleviate feelings but may result in increased anger over time.
- Mentally rehearsing anger heightens physiological arousal, while rehearsing forgiveness reduces negative feelings.
Life Satisfaction and Major Life Events
- Major life events lead to temporary happiness fluctuations, yet higher satisfaction is associated with valuing love over money.
- Key factors influencing life satisfaction include genetics and the quality of relationships.
Stress and Health
- Stressful life events can lead to emotional disturbances like depression, insomnia, and anxiety.
- A perceived loss of control increases vulnerability to health issues like heart disease, which is further exacerbated by chronic anger and depression.
Personality Types
- Type A personalities are aggressive and competitive, whereas Type B personalities are relaxed and easygoing.
- Relative Deprivation: Feeling worse compared to others can generate envy and dissatisfaction.
Psychological Disorders
- Psychological disorders are defined by patterns that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional.
- The DSM-IV provides a classification system for various psychological disorders without addressing their causes.
Mood Disorders
- Bipolar Disorder: Characterized by swings between depressive lows and manic highs.
- Major Depressive Disorder: Involves prolonged periods of depressed mood, worthlessness, and lack of interest.
Anxiety Disorders
- Panic Disorder: Involves sudden episodes of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms like chest pain.
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Characterized by persistent tension and anxiety.
Schizophrenia and Personality Disorders
- Schizophrenia: Includes disorganized thinking, delusions, and disturbed perceptions.
- Antisocial Personality Disorder: Features lack of conscience and manipulative behaviors.
Psychotherapy Techniques
- Behavioral Therapy: Focuses on changing maladaptive behaviors.
- Cognitive Therapy: Aims to alter thought patterns that influence behaviors.
- Humanistic Therapy: Promotes self-fulfillment and self-acceptance.
- Psychoanalytic Therapy: Seeks to uncover repressed emotions and experiences.
Notable Figures and Concepts
- Carl Rogers: Known for client-centered therapy, emphasizing empathy and acceptance.
- Maslow's Hierarchy: Self-actualization represents the highest potential.
Therapeutic Approaches
- Systematic Desensitization: A therapeutic process involving gradual exposure to anxiety-producing stimuli associated with relaxation techniques, often used to treat phobias.### Systematic Desensitization
- Individuals with spider phobia may perceive threats differently based on proximity and size of the spider.
- Deep relaxation techniques, including control over breathing and muscle detensioning, are employed before exposure.
- Exposure to the least threatening scenario in an anxiety hierarchy occurs until anxiety diminishes.
- This process continues through increasingly threatening situations until addressing the most anxiety-provoking scenario.
- Research indicates that exposure is critical, while relaxation techniques may not be necessary.
- Session requirements typically range from 4-12, depending on the phobia's severity.
Token Economy
- An operant conditioning method where individuals earn tokens for exhibiting desired behaviors.
- Tokens can be exchanged for various privileges or treats.
Cognitive Therapy
- Focuses on eliminating irrational thinking and is effective for depression.
- Addresses depressive symptoms linked to failure through personal attribution.
Light-Exposure Therapy
- Effective for treating various disorders, notably Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).
Effectiveness of Therapy
- Analysis shows both professional therapists and paraprofessionals can be effective, but psychotherapy generally leads to greater improvement than no therapy.
- Individuals with specific, clear-cut problems tend to see the most benefit from therapy.
Biomedical Therapy
- Involves prescription medications or medical procedures targeting the nervous system, with drug therapies being the most common today.
- Norepinephrine and serotonin-increasing medications are utilized for various types of depression and anxiety disorders, including OCD.
Electroconvulsive Therapy
- Primarily used for severe depression, especially in patients unresponsive to drug therapy.
Social Psychology
- The scientific study of interpersonal thought, influence, and relationships.
Fundamental Attribution Error
- Observers tend to undervalue situational factors in others' behavior while overvaluing personal characteristics.
- Example: A quiet student might be seen as shy without considering potential situational influences.
Social Influence Phenomena
- Foot-in-the-door phenomenon: people more likely to agree to a larger request after agreeing to a small one.
- Attitudes influence actions primarily when external influences are minimal, and the attitudes are stable and specific.
Zimbardo's Simulation Experiment
- College students acted as guards or prisoners in a simulated prison setting.
- Guards adopted authoritarian roles leading to damaging behaviors, while prisoners faced psychological distress, prompting early termination of the study.
Milgram's Obedience Study
- Participants believed they were studying learning, administering electric shocks to a learner (actor) for wrong answers.
- Despite hearing protests and pleas, many participants continued to administer shocks when urged by an authority figure.
Cognitive Dissonance
- Describes discomfort from holding conflicting beliefs, leading to tension and potential attitude change.
Suggestibility
- The degree to which individuals are influenced by suggestions, impacting how they interpret information.
Solomon Asch's Research on Conformity
- Demonstrated the influence of group consensus on individual responses in a study of visual perception.
The Presence of Observers
- Presence of others generally enhances individual performance.
Social Loafing
- Refers to decreased effort in a group context compared to when individuals are accountable.
Deindividuation
- Characterized by a loss of self-awareness and restraint in group settings that promote anonymity.
Groupthink
- A phenomenon where group harmony impede realistic appraisal of alternatives, avoidable by encouraging diverse opinions.
Minority Influence
- A consistent minority viewpoint can effectively sway the majority, even at the cost of popularity.
Just-World Phenomenon
- The belief that the world is fair, leading to the perception that individuals get what they deserve.
Environmental Factors in Aggression
- Aggressive behavior may be learned from one's environment; rejection can exacerbate aggressive tendencies.
Family Factors Linked to Violence
- Factors include parental education, observational learning, income, race, and father-absent homes.
Impact of Violent Pornography
- Frequent exposure may normalize aggressive behaviors and diminish sensitivity to violence.
Children and Violent Video Games
- High engagement with violent video games is associated with increased aggression and reduced sensitivity to cruelty.
First Impressions
- Typically formed based on physical appearance.
Friendship Preferences
- We tend to favor friends with similarities in attitudes, beliefs, interests, and demographics.
Dutton and Aron Study on Attraction
- Explored how physical arousal, in conjunction with an attractive person, can enhance feelings of attraction.
Altruism
- Defined as selfless concern for the well-being of others.
Bystander Effect
- Observers are less likely to intervene when others are present, diminishing individual responsibility to help.
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Description
This quiz covers fundamental concepts in emotion from Psychology 150. You'll explore the basic components of emotion and key theories such as the James-Lange theory. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of emotional psychology.