Emotions PDF

EMOTION  What Is Emotion? (1 of 2) Emotion – an intrapersonal state in response to an internal or external event Four components of emotion: 1. Physiological – changes in bodily arousal o Heart rate, temperature, and respiration 2. Cognitive, feeling – subjective appraisal and interpretati...

EMOTION  What Is Emotion? (1 of 2) Emotion – an intrapersonal state in response to an internal or external event Four components of emotion: 1. Physiological – changes in bodily arousal o Heart rate, temperature, and respiration 2. Cognitive, feeling – subjective appraisal and interpretation of one’s feelings and environment  What Is Emotion? (2 of 2) Four components of emotion: 3. Physical, behavioural – expression of the emotion verbally and non-verbally o Smiling, frowning, whining, laughing, reflecting, slouching 4. Emotional, behavioural – keeping the emotion present (happiness) or removing it (sadness) Physiological Changes and Emotion Emotion and the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic Nervous System Body Part or Parasympathetic Nervous System Prepares the Body for Actions System Returns the Body to Normal State Pupils dilate Eyes Pupils constrict Salivation decreases Mouth Salivation increases Perspires; goose bumps Skin Dries up; no goose bumps Breathing rate increases Lungs Breathing rate decreases Accelerates Heart Slows Release stress hormones Adrenal glands Decrease release of stress hormones Decreased motility Digestion Increased motility Blood vessels constrict; blood sugar Blood Blood vessels dilate; blood sugar drops increases Perspires Palms Dries up Universal Recognition of Emotions— Paul Ekman  Ways to Measure Emotions (1 of 2) 1. Behavioural displays of emotion Observe behaviour and facial expressions 2. Self-reports of emotion Widely used, but has low validity. Why?  Ways to Measure Emotions (2 of 2) 3. Psychophysiological reactions Face electromyography Heart rate Skin conductance fMRI  Functions of Emotions (1 of 2) Cognitive functions Emotions help organize and retrieve memories Prioritize concerns, needs, and goals Guide judgments and help us make decisions Behavioural functions Emotions alter behaviours Action tendencies – emotions are associated with predictable patterns of behaviour that help us adapt and survive  Functions of Emotions (2 of 2) Social functions Emotions are the foundation of relationships Emotions help improve relationship quality Helps with empathy and work performance  Theories of Emotion (1 of 2) James-Lange Theory – felt emotions result from physiological changes, rather than being their cause Cannon-Bard Theory – the subjective experience of emotion and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (that is, bodily arousal) occur simultaneously Schachter and Singer’s Two-Factor Theory – an emotional state is a function of both physiological arousal and cognition Theories of Emotion (2 of 2) Testing the Two-Factor Theory  Other Theories of Emotion (1 of 2) Cognitive-mediational theory – cognitive interpretations, particularly appraisals, of events are the keys to experiences of emotion Developed by Richard Lazarus Cognitive appraisal is a cognitive mediator between environmental stimuli and our reaction to those stimuli Other Theories of Emotion (2 of 2) Facial-feedback theory – subjective experiences of emotion are influenced by sensory feedback from facial muscular activity, or facial efference Recent replication attempts have shown weak evidence for this effect.  Duchenne Smile Which is the Duchenne (real) smile? Survival Function of Emotions (1 of 2) Evolutionary theory – emotions are innate, passed through generations because they are necessary for survival Basic emotions – a group of emotions preprogrammed into all humans regardless of culture  Survival Function of Emotions (2 of 2) Source: Adapted with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., from Kowalski, R., & Westen, D. (2009). Psychology (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, p. 361; data from Plutchik, R. (1980). Emotions: A psychoevolutionary synthesis. New York: Harper & Row. Situation Emotion Survival Function Threat Fear, terror, anxiety Fight, flight Obstacle Anger, rage Biting, hitting Potential mate Joy, ecstasy, excitement Courtship, mating Loss of valued person Sadness, grief Crying for help Sudden novel object Surprise Stopping, attending Evolutionary links between emotion and behaviour in humans and other animals.  Emotion: What Happens in the Brain? No single structure of the brain linked to any specific emotions. Rather, it is the activation of the circuitry between these structures, in addition to the structures themselves, that is critical for our conscious experience of an emotion.  What About Positive Emotions? Positive psychology is the study and enrichment of: Positive feelings – happiness, optimism Positive traits – perseverance, wisdom Positive abilities – interpersonal skills Virtues – altruism, tolerance Happiness Levels Around the World (1 of 2) How Much People Enjoy Their Lives as a Whole, on a Scale of 0 to 10 Denmark 7.5 Belize 6.0 Switzerland 7.5 Japan 5.9 Iceland 7.5 Russia 5.9 Norway 7.5 Poland 5.8 Finland 7.4 South Korea 5.8 Canada 7.4 Peru 5.7 Netherlands 7.3 Jamaica 5.5 New Zealand 7.3 Hang Kong 5.5 Australia 7.3 Turkey 5.4 Sweden 7.3 Indonesia 5.3 Israel 7.3 China 5.2 United States 7.1 Morocco 5.2 Costa Rica 7.1 Hungary 5.1 Germany 7.0 Pakistan 5.1 Brazil 7.0 Lebanon 5.1 Belgium 6.9 Portugal 5.1  Happiness Levels Around the World (2 of 2) How Much People Enjoy Their Lives as a Whole, on a Scale of 0 to 10 Source: Data from Helliwell, John; Layard, Richard; and Sachs, Jeffery (2016). World Happiness Report 2016. Sustainable Development Solutions Network, New York, NY. Retrieved from http://worldhappiness.report/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/03/HR-V1_web.pdf Ireland 6.9 Vietnam 5.1 Luxembourg 6.9 Greece 5.0 Mexico 6.8 Honduras 4.9 Singapore 6.7 Iran 4.8 United Kingdom 6.7 Bangladesh 4.6 France 6.5 Iraq 4.6 Thailand 6.5 India 4.4 Taiwan 6.4 Egypt 4.4 Spain 6.4 Senegal 4.2 Algeria 6.4 Bulgaria 4.2 Bahrain 6.2 Cambodia 3.9 Venezuela 6.1 Uganda 3.7 Malaysia 6.0 Afghanistan 3.4 Italy 6.0 Syria 3.1  Happiness Happy people tend to be: Optimistic, outgoing, curious, and tender-minded Individuals with high self-esteem, spiritual, goal directed, have a sense of control over their lives Longitudinal study Highly optimistic people had a 55% reduced risk of death and a 23% reduced risk of heart problems  Happiness is Culturally Variable What does it mean to be happy? Different cultures answer that question differently and put different value on being happy at all in the first place.  Summing Up Any insights into those “Why did they do that” behaviors?  Copyright Copyright © 2022 John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Access Copyright (The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency) is unlawful. Requests for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his or her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The author and the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.