Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the estimated heritability percentage of major depression?
What is the estimated heritability percentage of major depression?
Which neurotransmitters are mentioned as being decreased in activity during depression?
Which neurotransmitters are mentioned as being decreased in activity during depression?
What lifestyle choice is associated with a reduction in depression symptoms?
What lifestyle choice is associated with a reduction in depression symptoms?
How do depressed individuals typically view their experiences?
How do depressed individuals typically view their experiences?
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Which of the following is commonly associated with higher rates of depression?
Which of the following is commonly associated with higher rates of depression?
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What is a key characteristic of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
What is a key characteristic of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
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What immediate action should be taken if someone is in imminent danger of taking their own life?
What immediate action should be taken if someone is in imminent danger of taking their own life?
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Panic Disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Panic Disorder?
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How can one demonstrate hope when talking to someone contemplating suicide?
How can one demonstrate hope when talking to someone contemplating suicide?
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What is a common feature of anxiety disorders?
What is a common feature of anxiety disorders?
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What type of thinking pattern is commonly observed in depressed individuals?
What type of thinking pattern is commonly observed in depressed individuals?
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What characterizes the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
What characterizes the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
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Which of the following describes hallucinations?
Which of the following describes hallucinations?
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In the social-cognitive perspective of depression, what can depression become?
In the social-cognitive perspective of depression, what can depression become?
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Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
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What is an example of a cognitive symptom of schizophrenia?
What is an example of a cognitive symptom of schizophrenia?
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How do people with depression typically respond to negative events?
How do people with depression typically respond to negative events?
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Which symptom occurs when someone firmly believes in something untrue?
Which symptom occurs when someone firmly believes in something untrue?
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What is the ratio of men to women in terms of successful suicide rates?
What is the ratio of men to women in terms of successful suicide rates?
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At what age do suicide rates typically show the highest incidence?
At what age do suicide rates typically show the highest incidence?
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Which group has the highest risk of suicide compared to other Canadians?
Which group has the highest risk of suicide compared to other Canadians?
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What is a common psychological factor that can lead to suicidal thoughts?
What is a common psychological factor that can lead to suicidal thoughts?
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How does sharing suicidal thoughts affect others according to the information provided?
How does sharing suicidal thoughts affect others according to the information provided?
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What percentage of individuals who consider suicide eventually attempt it?
What percentage of individuals who consider suicide eventually attempt it?
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When do most suicides occur during the week?
When do most suicides occur during the week?
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What is a common misconception about the motives behind suicide?
What is a common misconception about the motives behind suicide?
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Which disorder is characterized by the inability to part with possessions, leading to clutter?
Which disorder is characterized by the inability to part with possessions, leading to clutter?
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What type of conditioning is primarily responsible for linking fear responses to neutral stimuli?
What type of conditioning is primarily responsible for linking fear responses to neutral stimuli?
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Which anxiety disorder involves a preoccupation with perceived body defects?
Which anxiety disorder involves a preoccupation with perceived body defects?
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What is a common symptom of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
What is a common symptom of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
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What disorder is associated with compulsive skin-picking?
What disorder is associated with compulsive skin-picking?
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Which factor contributes to maintaining learned fears and anxieties?
Which factor contributes to maintaining learned fears and anxieties?
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What is the term for interpreting normal sensations as symptoms of a dreaded disease?
What is the term for interpreting normal sensations as symptoms of a dreaded disease?
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Which process describes the tendency for a single frightening event to provoke widespread fear of similar stimuli?
Which process describes the tendency for a single frightening event to provoke widespread fear of similar stimuli?
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Individuals with anxiety disorders often display a heightened state of what?
Individuals with anxiety disorders often display a heightened state of what?
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What biological factor is linked to anxiety disorders such as OCD and PTSD?
What biological factor is linked to anxiety disorders such as OCD and PTSD?
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What is one of the main goals after diagnosing a psychological disorder?
What is one of the main goals after diagnosing a psychological disorder?
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Which edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is currently utilized?
Which edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is currently utilized?
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How much clinician agreement was observed for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
How much clinician agreement was observed for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
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What percentage of Americans reported suffering from depressive disorders or bipolar disorders in the past year?
What percentage of Americans reported suffering from depressive disorders or bipolar disorders in the past year?
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Which psychological disorder had the lowest reported percentage among Americans?
Which psychological disorder had the lowest reported percentage among Americans?
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What phenomenon describes the observation that recently immigrated individuals are at less risk for mental disorders?
What phenomenon describes the observation that recently immigrated individuals are at less risk for mental disorders?
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Which of the following is considered a protective factor against psychological disorders?
Which of the following is considered a protective factor against psychological disorders?
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Which risk factor is linked to potential development of psychological disorders?
Which risk factor is linked to potential development of psychological disorders?
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What percentage of Canadians aged 15 and older met the diagnostic criteria for a mood, anxiety, or substance use disorder in the last year?
What percentage of Canadians aged 15 and older met the diagnostic criteria for a mood, anxiety, or substance use disorder in the last year?
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What is a criticism regarding the DSM according to some experts?
What is a criticism regarding the DSM according to some experts?
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Which of the following factors can lead to academic failure, a risk factor for psychological disorders?
Which of the following factors can lead to academic failure, a risk factor for psychological disorders?
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What role do labels associated with mental health play in perception?
What role do labels associated with mental health play in perception?
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Why might rates of psychological disorders vary over time and place?
Why might rates of psychological disorders vary over time and place?
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What is one potential psychological disorder with significant stigma attached to its diagnosis?
What is one potential psychological disorder with significant stigma attached to its diagnosis?
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Study Notes
Psychological Disorders
- Psychological disorders are syndromes, characterized by clinically significant disturbances in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.
- These disturbances are dysfunctional and maladaptive, interfering with everyday life.
- Defining what is "normal" is important when discussing psychological disorders.
The Dark History of Disorders
- The treatment of psychological disorders has a history that includes practices far outside established norms.
- Examples of historical methods include trephination, exorcism, sterilization, bloodletting, and shock therapy.
- Homosexuality was removed from the DSM-II in the 1970s. Now, homosexuality is not classified as a disorder. The DSM-5 (2013) is the current version.
The Medical Model
- The medical model posits that mental illness (psychopathology) is the result of biological factors.
- The model proposes that mental illness needs to be diagnosed based on symptoms and treated through therapy.
The Biopsychosocial Approach
- This approach posits that biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors significantly contribute to human functioning in the context of disease or illness.
- Individual biological influences include evolution, individual genes, brain structure, and chemistry. Psychological factors include stress, trauma, learned helplessness, and memories. Social-cultural factors include roles, expectations, and definitions of normality.
Diagnostics
- Diagnostic classification in psychiatry and psychology aim to order and describe symptoms.
- The aim is prediction of future course of the disorder, suggestion of appropriate treatments and prompt research into underlying causes.
- The DSM, published by the American Psychiatric Association, describes disorders and estimates their occurrence.
DSM-5
- The DSM-5 is a valuable diagnostic tool, but it has some controversy. Clinician agreement exists on specific disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder and autism spectrum disorder (nearly 70%).
- Agreement is lower on others like antisocial personality disorder and generalized anxiety disorder (only 20% clinician agreement).
Labels and their impact
- Labels—especially those related to mental health—can skew perceptions and contribute to stigmatization.
- Labels can change how people view themselves and others.
Rates of Psychological Disorders
- Mental and addiction disorders affect over one billion people globally.
- In the U.S., 19% of adults experienced mental illness in the last year.
- In Canada, 18% of those aged 15 and older met diagnostic criteria for mental, anxiety, or substance use disorder last year.
Specific Disorders (examples)
- The percentage of Americans reporting selected psychological disorders in the past year varies significantly. Depressive disorders/bipolar disorders are most common among reported psychological disorders, while Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the least common.
Rates of Psychological Disorders by Country
- Rates of psychological disorders vary depending on the time and place of the survey. This variance is not necessarily due to actual differences in prevalence; it can reflect differences in diagnostic/stigma-related factors.
- In a surprising trend, individuals who have recently immigrated to a country are at less risk for mental disorders.
Risk and Protective Factors
- Several factors are linked to an increased likelihood of developing certain psychological disorders or of having a worsening symptom presentation. Conversely, there are protective factors that seem to reduce the risk or severity.
Age of Onset of Psychological Disorders
- Graphs show that rates of different psychological disorders may increase and decrease depending on age. This highlights variations across different populations, and variations in disorders depending on the gender.
Suicide and Self-Harm
- Suicide affects millions worldwide.
- Suicide is highly comorbid with other mental health disorders.
- Risk factors include anxiety and depression.
- Suicide rates vary by gender, race, country, and time of year.
- Factors relating to suicide may not be as simple as identification (e.g. people often do not attempt suicide simply because they are overwhelmed; identifying warning signs is difficult); also, there are warning signs (e.g. a coworker's suicide can increase suicide risk in their coworkers).
Causes and Collateral Damage
- Suicide is not usually an act of revenge or hostility, but rather an effort to escape current or future suffering. Individuals feeling trapped or like a burden on others are more prone to having suicidal thoughts.
- Family and friends may sometimes believe they should have earlier recognised warning signs if a loved one was considering suicide.
What can we do?
- Listen and empathize to people considering suicide.
- Use professional resources and support lines such as 9-1-1, Interior Crisis Line, BC Suicide Line, and Provincial Mental Health Support Lines.
Anxiety Disorders
- Anxiety disorders are characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or by dysfunctional anxiety-reducing behaviors.
- Generalized anxiety disorder is marked by persistent, excessive and uncontrollable worry.
- Panic disorder involves sudden episodes of intense dread.
- Specific phobias are characterized by an irrational fear of a specific object or situation.
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) involves intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).
- OCD-related disorders include hoarding disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania, and excoriation disorder.
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves recurring memories, nightmares, and hypervigilance in response to a prior event.
- Somatic symptom disorder involves physical symptoms, such as pain or fatigue, without any discernible medical cause. (This may be related to internal medical factors)
Understanding Anxiety (Conditioning, Cognition, Biology)
- Classical conditioning can link anxiety responses to formerly neutral stimuli.
- Negative thought patterns and expectations can contribute to anxiety.
- Biological factors, such as genes and brain activity, can influence anxiety.
Depressive Disorders
- Depression is characterized by feelings of hopelessness, sadness, and lethargy over a period of several weeks or months.
- Major depressive disorder involves a two-week period experiencing five or more symptoms, including depressed mood or loss of interest (or both).
- Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) involves a chronic low mood.
- Bipolar disorder involves alternating periods of depression and mania (a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state).
- Symptoms relating to depression often worsen with age.
Characterizing Depression (Onset, Gender Differences, Developmental Differences)
- Depression often begins alongside significant loss or trauma.
- Moving to a new culture can significantly increase risk of depression in younger adults.
- Women tend to be twice as vulnerable to depression compared to men.
- Depression rates peak in the teenage years, and increase across generations.
Understanding Depression (Genetics, Brain Activity, Lifestyle Choices, Social-Cognitive Perspective)
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Risk increases if a family member has a depressive disorder.
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Brain activity is often diminished in depression and more active during mania. Nuerochemical imbalances commonly affect reward centers and neurotransmitters (such as norepinephrine and serotonin).
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Lifestyle choices like exercise and healthy dieting can mitigate depression.
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Individuals suffering from depression tend to view themselves and the world negatively. They commonly use self-defeating styles of explanation for their problems.
Schizophrenia & Dissociative Disorders
- Schizophrenia is a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and inappropriate emotional expression.
- Schizophrenia progresses through two types of development (chronic and acute).
- Prenatal factors, early childhood influences (often family and life changes/stress), and genetics play a significant role in the aetiology of schizophrenia.
- Perineuronal nets are seen to be disrupted in sufferers of schizophrenia.
- Dissociative identity disorder is characterized by dissociating conscious awareness from prior memories, thoughts and feelings. Individuals may present with two or more distinct personalities.
Personality Disorders
- Personality disorders are inflexible and enduring patterns that interfere with social functioning.
- They can be clustered into three groups (A: odd or eccentric; B: dramatic or unpredictable; C: anxious or fearful)
- Examples of specific disorders from each cluster are provided (E.g. antisocial personality disorder).
Eating Disorders
- Anorexia nervosa typically involves a relentless dieting despite starvation and significantly low weight.
- Bulimia involves extreme cycles of binge-eating and purging.
- Binge-eating disorder involves significant instances of binge-eating without subsequent purging, fasting, or extreme exercise.
- Cultural pressure, low self-esteem and negative emotions are commonly linked to incidences of abnormal eating behaviors.
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- These disorders are characterized by central nervous system abnormalities that have a negative impact on typically developing behaviour and thinking.
- Examples of neurodevelopmental disorders include intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
- Many factors contribute to the development of ASD, but genetic predisposition and certain prenatal influences and environmental circumstances often show correlation.
General Note
- Specific examples and case studies are listed for reference. The provided content does not contain sensitive or private information.
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Description
Explore key concepts surrounding major depression and anxiety disorders in this insightful quiz. Test your knowledge on neurotransmitter activity, lifestyle choices that reduce symptoms, and risk factors associated with these mental health issues. Understand how to support those in crisis and recognize important characteristics of anxiety disorders.
