10 Questions
Which stage of memory retains and processes information for up to 30 seconds?
Short-term memory
What is the main characteristic of sensory memory?
Preserves information for a brief time in its original sensory form
Which type of encoding involves remembering sounds, especially word sounds?
Acoustic encoding
According to the 3 Stage model of memory, what is the first stage that preserves info in its original sensory form for a brief time?
Sensory memory
What type of memory retains associations among items for a long time?
Long-term memory
What is the term for the ability to retrieve information not in conscious awareness?
Recall
Which type of memory involves knowledge and facts that are not personal?
Semantic memory
What does retrograde amnesia refer to?
Forgetting old stuff
Which memory measure assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time?
Relearning
What is the term for a method of transferring material from short-term memory to long-term memory by making that information more meaningful?
Elaborative rehearsal
Study Notes
Memory
- Memory is the mechanism used to create, maintain, and retrieve information about the past.
- Learning cannot occur without memory.
Types of Memory
- Flashbulb Memory: A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event (e.g., 9/11).
Stages of Memory
- Encoding: The process of putting information into memory.
- Storage: The maintenance of information in memory.
- Retrieval: The process of getting information back out of memory.
3-Stage Model of Memory
- Sensory Memory: Preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time (usually a fraction of a second).
- Short-Term Memory (STM): Not permanent, retains and processes information for up to 30 seconds.
- Long-Term Memory (LTM): Stores associations among items for a long time, with unlimited capacity and duration.
Memory Phenomena
- Serial Position Effect: The tendency to remember the first and last items better than the rest due to their position.
- Visual Encoding: Remembering images and visuals.
- Acoustic Encoding: Remembering sounds, especially word sounds (e.g., rhymes).
- Iconic Memory: A photographic memory lasting for a few tenths of a second, discovered by Sperling.
Memory Loss and Forgetting
- Amnesia: The loss of memory.
- Recall: The ability to retrieve information not in conscious awareness (e.g., fill-in-the-blank test).
- Recognition: The ability to identify items previously learned (e.g., multiple-choice test).
- Relearning: A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.
- Proactive Interference: Old memories interfere with the recall of new information.
- Retroactive Interference: New memories interfere with the recall of old information.
Types of Long-Term Memory
- Episodic Memory: Events, self-knowledge, and experiences that personally involved the individual.
- Semantic Memory: Knowledge, facts, and information not from personal experience.
- Procedural Memory: Skill memory, knowledge of how to perform tasks (e.g., riding a bike, tying shoes).
Amnesia
- Retrograde Amnesia: Forgetting old information.
- Anterograde Amnesia: Forgetting new information.
Test your knowledge on memory concepts in psychology, including flashbulb memory, encoding, storage, retrieval, and the 3 stage model of memory. Explore how memories are created, maintained, and retrieved.
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