12 Questions
Which type of memory involves events and experiences that personally involved you?
Episodic memory
What is the term for the ability to retrieve information not in conscious awareness, like in a fill-in-the-blank test?
Recall
If old memories interfere with the recall of new information, what type of interference is this?
Retroactive interference
Which type of memory involves knowledge and facts that are not personal or from a personal experience?
Semantic memory
What does amnesia refer to?
A loss of memory
Which memory measure assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time?
Relearning
What is the function of sensory memory?
Preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time
Which memory stage retains information long enough for it to be actively worked on by the brain?
Short-term memory
What does the 3 Stage model of memory consist of?
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
Which type of encoding involves remembering sounds, especially word sounds?
Acoustic encoding
What is a characteristic of short-term memory?
Retains and processes information up to 30 seconds
Which memory process involves getting information back out of memory?
Retrieval
Study Notes
Memory
- Memory is the mechanism used to create, maintain, and retrieve information about the past.
- Learning cannot occur without memory.
Types of Memory
- Flashbulb Memory: A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event (e.g., 9/11).
Stages of Memory
- Encoding: The process of putting information into memory.
- Storage: The maintenance of information in memory.
- Retrieval: The process of getting information back out of memory.
3-Stage Model of Memory
- Sensory Memory: Preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time (usually a fraction of a second).
- Short-Term Memory (STM): Not permanent, retains and processes information for up to 30 seconds.
- Long-Term Memory (LTM): Stores associations among items for a long time, with unlimited capacity and duration.
Memory Phenomena
- Serial Position Effect: The tendency to remember the first and last items better than the rest due to their position.
- Visual Encoding: Remembering images and visuals.
- Acoustic Encoding: Remembering sounds, especially word sounds (e.g., rhymes).
- Iconic Memory: A photographic memory lasting for a few tenths of a second, discovered by Sperling.
Memory Loss and Forgetting
- Amnesia: The loss of memory.
- Recall: The ability to retrieve information not in conscious awareness (e.g., fill-in-the-blank test).
- Recognition: The ability to identify items previously learned (e.g., multiple-choice test).
- Relearning: A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.
- Proactive Interference: Old memories interfere with the recall of new information.
- Retroactive Interference: New memories interfere with the recall of old information.
Types of Long-Term Memory
- Episodic Memory: Events, self-knowledge, and experiences that personally involved the individual.
- Semantic Memory: Knowledge, facts, and information not from personal experience.
- Procedural Memory: Skill memory, knowledge of how to perform tasks (e.g., riding a bike, tying shoes).
Amnesia
- Retrograde Amnesia: Forgetting old information.
- Anterograde Amnesia: Forgetting new information.
Test your knowledge of memory concepts with this online quiz. Explore topics such as the 3 Stage model of memory, flashbulb memory, encoding, storage, and retrieval. Understand the importance of memory in the learning process.
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