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Questions and Answers
What is the maximum duration of short-term memory without rehearsal?
What is the maximum duration of short-term memory without rehearsal?
Which term is often used interchangeably with short-term memory?
Which term is often used interchangeably with short-term memory?
What does the phonological loop in working memory primarily deal with?
What does the phonological loop in working memory primarily deal with?
According to Baddeley's model, which of the following is not a component of working memory?
According to Baddeley's model, which of the following is not a component of working memory?
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What happens to information in short-term memory when a new task is introduced?
What happens to information in short-term memory when a new task is introduced?
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Which of the following correctly describes the role of working memory?
Which of the following correctly describes the role of working memory?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of long-term memory?
Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of long-term memory?
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How does rehearsal affect short-term memories?
How does rehearsal affect short-term memories?
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What deficiency is commonly associated with Korsakoff's syndrome in alcoholics?
What deficiency is commonly associated with Korsakoff's syndrome in alcoholics?
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Why is thiamine treatment important for patients with Korsakoff's syndrome?
Why is thiamine treatment important for patients with Korsakoff's syndrome?
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Which brain structures are critical for forming new declarative memories?
Which brain structures are critical for forming new declarative memories?
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What was one significant characteristic of patient K.C. following his brain injury?
What was one significant characteristic of patient K.C. following his brain injury?
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Where are established declarative memories thought to be stored according to current understanding?
Where are established declarative memories thought to be stored according to current understanding?
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Which type of memory was patient K.C. unable to recall?
Which type of memory was patient K.C. unable to recall?
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What role does mathematical modeling play in understanding memory storage?
What role does mathematical modeling play in understanding memory storage?
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What aspect of memory remained intact for patient K.C. despite his injury?
What aspect of memory remained intact for patient K.C. despite his injury?
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Which type of memory is primarily involved in skill learning?
Which type of memory is primarily involved in skill learning?
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What brain region is specifically associated with spatial learning?
What brain region is specifically associated with spatial learning?
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Which type of memory includes both episodic and semantic components?
Which type of memory includes both episodic and semantic components?
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Which structure is involved in reflex pathways associated with nonassociative learning?
Which structure is involved in reflex pathways associated with nonassociative learning?
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Which brain regions are primarily involved in the initial processing of visual information?
Which brain regions are primarily involved in the initial processing of visual information?
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What common characteristic is associated with working memory?
What common characteristic is associated with working memory?
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Which memory type is associated with priming?
Which memory type is associated with priming?
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Which cognitive function is primarily managed by the prefrontal cortex in relation to working memory?
Which cognitive function is primarily managed by the prefrontal cortex in relation to working memory?
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What function does the animal's working memory serve in the task mentioned?
What function does the animal's working memory serve in the task mentioned?
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Which group of animals showed significant impairment in the task involving direction of turns?
Which group of animals showed significant impairment in the task involving direction of turns?
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In the test involving sensory attributes of stimuli, which group of rats was significantly impaired?
In the test involving sensory attributes of stimuli, which group of rats was significantly impaired?
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What does the lack of overlap in symptoms among different lesions indicate?
What does the lack of overlap in symptoms among different lesions indicate?
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What was the primary focus of the study involving seven arms?
What was the primary focus of the study involving seven arms?
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Which brain region's lesions were involved in the study's conclusion about distinct memory types?
Which brain region's lesions were involved in the study's conclusion about distinct memory types?
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What kind of memory task did the rats perform when identifying between stimuli?
What kind of memory task did the rats perform when identifying between stimuli?
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What reward was given to the animals that correctly remembered the direction of their turn?
What reward was given to the animals that correctly remembered the direction of their turn?
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What is the first stage of memory formation?
What is the first stage of memory formation?
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During the memory experiment with color photos, what were participants asked to do?
During the memory experiment with color photos, what were participants asked to do?
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What is indicated about long-term memory (LTM) in terms of capacity?
What is indicated about long-term memory (LTM) in terms of capacity?
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Which of the following is NOT a hypothesized stage of memory processes?
Which of the following is NOT a hypothesized stage of memory processes?
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What common capability do many animals, including pigeons, demonstrate in relation to memory?
What common capability do many animals, including pigeons, demonstrate in relation to memory?
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What could lead to memory failure at any stage of the memory process?
What could lead to memory failure at any stage of the memory process?
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What aspect of human memory was highlighted by the experiment with images seen previously?
What aspect of human memory was highlighted by the experiment with images seen previously?
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What information retrieval action is most commonly associated with using short-term memory?
What information retrieval action is most commonly associated with using short-term memory?
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What effect is prevented when testing immediately after presenting a list?
What effect is prevented when testing immediately after presenting a list?
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What occurs when there is a long delay between presentation and testing?
What occurs when there is a long delay between presentation and testing?
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In which scenario is the recency effect observed?
In which scenario is the recency effect observed?
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Which group is most likely to show diminished ability to recall recent items due to memory issues?
Which group is most likely to show diminished ability to recall recent items due to memory issues?
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What happens during immediate tests with regards to the primacy effect?
What happens during immediate tests with regards to the primacy effect?
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What type of curve is displayed in results from such experiments?
What type of curve is displayed in results from such experiments?
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Which delay produces both recency and primacy effects?
Which delay produces both recency and primacy effects?
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Which delay duration results in the retention of the primacy effect but not the recency effect?
Which delay duration results in the retention of the primacy effect but not the recency effect?
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What happens to the recency effect when testing occurs immediately?
What happens to the recency effect when testing occurs immediately?
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What might hinder the ability to recall items presented at the start during testing?
What might hinder the ability to recall items presented at the start during testing?
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Study Notes
Learning and Memory: Trapped in the Eternal Now
- Patient H.M. (Henry Molaison) was a famous research subject in brain science
- Suffered from intractable epilepsy, seizures in both temporal lobes
- Neurosurgery in 1953 removing parts of the anterior temporal lobes on both sides
- Surgery relieved Epilepsy
- Lost the ability to form new memories (anterograde amnesia,)
- Could only briefly hold newly acquired information, then it vanished
- Could not form lasting relationships or retain events from after the surgery
- Couldn't remember his age, the current date, or events from before or after the surgery
- IQ remained average (above average but IQ tests don't require memory of facts for over a few minutes)
Two Major Types of Learning and Memory
- Distinctively human behaviors are learned
- Learning involves acquiring information and storing it in memory
- Memory is the process of storing and retrieving learned information
- Twentieth-century research shows fundamentally different types of memory
- Relying on varying networks of brain regions
- Clinical research and studies show varied memory impairments
- Two major types of memory: Declarative and Nondeclarative
Two Kinds of Memory
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Declarative memory: conscious, explicit knowledge that you can describe/state to others - Episodic memory: personal memories - Semantic memory: general world knowledge, facts
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Nondeclarative memory: procedural memory, shown by performance rather than by conscious recollection - Skill learning: motor skills - Priming: improved performance due to prior exposure to stimulus - Classical and operant conditioning: two types of associative learning
Medial Temporal Lobe Structures and Declarative Memory
- Medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures are important for declarative memory
- Specifically, the hippocampus plays a crucial role
- Damage to these areas can severely impair declarative memory
- Additional experiments showed the importance of the amygdala and perirhinal cortex, as well
Nondeclarative Memory and Different Brain Regions
- Skill acquisition: relies on basal ganglia
- Spatial memory: relies on hippocampus, especially for forming cognitive maps
- Emotional memories: AMYGDALA plays a crucial role
Memory Processes: Encoding, Consolidation, and Retrieval
- Encoding: processing of sensory input into memory
- Consolidation: durable storage of memories
- Retrieval: accessing stored memories
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) in Hippocampus
- LTP is a strengthening of synaptic connections in the hippocampus
- Involves changes in the release and activity of glutamate
- Long-lasting and can be a cellular mechanism for memory
Adult Neurogenesis
- New neurons are generated in the brains of adult mammals
- Dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is a primary location
- Neurogenesis can enhance learning and memory
Aging and Memory
- Age profoundly impacts learning and memory processes
- Older adults often exhibit impairments in memory tasks involving conscious recollection. and require more effort to retrieve internal cues
- Autobiographical and semantic memories remain fairly stable in older age
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts in short-term and working memory as discussed in Psychology Chapter 7. This quiz covers important theories, models, and case studies related to memory processes, including short-term retention, rehearsal, and the impact of neurological conditions like Korsakoff's syndrome.
