Psychology Lecture 18: Schizophrenia Symptoms
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Questions and Answers

Which of these is included in the DSM-5 criteria for schizophrenia?

  • A history of significant cognitive decline
  • A history of significant mood swings
  • Display of at least two symptoms for at least 6 months (correct)
  • Experience of one or more symptoms for more than a month
  • Schizophrenia is categorized as a ____ mental disorder.

  • moderate
  • severe (correct)
  • neurological
  • mild
  • What is the average age of onset for schizophrenia in men?

    23

    According to the diathesis-stress perspective, what factors play a significant role in the development of schizophrenia?

    <p>Genetic predisposition and environmental stressors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prodromal phase of schizophrenia is characterized by full-blown, noticeable symptoms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are characterized by an excess or distortion of normal functions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

    <p>Hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ phase of schizophrenia is marked by a return to prodromal-like symptom levels.

    <p>Residual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a psychomotor symptom of schizophrenia?

    <p>Catatonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following theories suggests that biological deficiencies can contribute to the development of schizophrenia?

    <p>Self-theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sociocultural factor considered related to schizophrenia?

    <p>Biochemical abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is categorized as a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

    <p>Hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lecture 18: Symptoms & Theories of Schizophrenia

    • Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic mental illness.
    • It falls on the severe end of the schizophrenia spectrum.
    • It causes significant personal, social, and occupational impairment.
    • A key feature is psychosis, which includes hallucinations and delusions.

    What are we covering today?

    • DSM-5 Criteria
    • Categories of Symptoms
    • Phases of Schizophrenia
    • Etiology of Schizophrenia

    Statistics

    • Lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is 1 in 100 individuals.
    • Globally, there are approximately 20 million people with schizophrenia.
    • In the United States, about 3.2 million people experience schizophrenia.
    • Average age of onset is 23 for men and 28 for women.

    DSM-5 Criteria of Schizophrenia

    • Diagnostic Criteria: Symptoms must persist for at least 6 months, with a marked decrease in functioning in at least one area
    • Symptoms: 2 or more, Including:
      • Delusions
      • Hallucinations
      • Disorganized speech
      • Abnormal motor activity (catatonia)
      • Negative symptoms

    Types of Schizophrenia

    • Type I: Better pre-morbid adjustment, later symptom onset, higher likelihood of improvement, more closely linked to brain abnormalities.
    • Type II: Tied to abnormalities in the brain.

    Categories of Symptoms

    • Symptoms are categorized into 3 groups: positive, negative, and psychomotor.

    Positive Symptoms

    • Delusions: False beliefs that are not based in reality.
    • Hallucinations: Sensory experiences that occur without any external stimulus.
      • Disorganized thinking and speech
        • Loose associations (derailment)
        • Neologisms (new words)
        • Perseveration (repetition of words or ideas)
        • Clang (rhyming words)
    • Inappropriate affect: Display of emotions that don't match current surroundings or events

    Negative Symptoms

    • Diminished Emotional Expression: Reduced range of emotional expression
    • Avolition: Lack of motivation or initiation of purposeful activities
    • Alogia: Reduced speech output
    • Anhedonia: Inability to experience pleasure
    • Social Withdrawal: Reduced social interactions

    Psychomotor Symptoms

    • Awkward movements
    • Repeated grimaces and strange gestures
    • Catatonia: marked psychomotor disturbance, presenting as stupor, rigidity, resistance to instructions, or excited, purposeless behavior.

    Phases of Schizophrenia

    • Prodromal Phase: Deterioration begins, mild symptoms such as social withdrawal, inappropriate affect, communication problems, and grooming neglect.
    • Active Phase: Full-blown, significant symptoms are present.
    • Residual Phase: Return to prodromal-like levels of symptoms.

    Etiology of Schizophrenia: Biological

    • Genetics and Heredity: A role exists; closer relatives have higher risk (16% for close relatives, 4% for distant relatives, 1% in general population).
    • Diathesis-Stress Perspective: A predisposition combined with environmental stressors can trigger the disorder.
    • Biochemical Abnormalities (Dopamine Hypothesis): Possible role of imbalances in neurotransmitters (e.g., dopamine)

    Etiology of Schizophrenia: Psychological

    • Psychodynamic:

      • Fromm-Reichmann: Schizophrenic mothers; faulty parenting styles may increase risk factors
      • Self theorists: Biological deficiencies cause a fragmented self
    • Cognitive-Behavioral:

      • Operant conditioning
      • Misinterpretation of unusual stimuli

    Etiology of Schizophrenia: Sociocultural

    • Multicultural Factors: Different racial and ethnic groups have varying rates of schizophrenia; immigrants may have different rates than native-born.
    • Social Labeling: Stigma and labeling may affect the experiences and outcomes of those with schizophrenia.
    • Family Dysfunction: Factors within families may increase or decrease the risk of schizophrenia.

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    Description

    This quiz covers Lecture 18 on schizophrenia, exploring its symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and underlying theories. It discusses the DSM-5 criteria, categories of symptoms, and the various phases of this complex mental illness. Additionally, key statistics regarding prevalence and onset are provided to enhance understanding.

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