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Questions and Answers
Positive reinforcement involves:
Positive reinforcement involves:
- Taking away a pleasant stimulus to reinforce a response.
- Removing an unpleasant stimulus to suppress a response.
- Adding a pleasant consequence to increase the likelihood of a response being repeated. (correct)
- Applying an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the probability of a response being repeated.
What is the main difference between reinforcement and punishment?
What is the main difference between reinforcement and punishment?
- Reinforcement always follows a response while punishment occurs before a response.
- Reinforcement aims to increase behavior while punishment aims to decrease behavior. (correct)
- Reinforcement always adds something while punishment always removes something.
- Reinforcement aims to decrease behavior while punishment aims to increase behavior.
Which type of reinforcement involves removing an aversive condition or stimuli?
Which type of reinforcement involves removing an aversive condition or stimuli?
- Positive reinforcement
- Continuous reinforcement
- Primary reinforcement
- Negative reinforcement (correct)
What is the primary function of secondary reinforcers?
What is the primary function of secondary reinforcers?
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In a fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given:
In a fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given:
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Which reinforcement schedule is considered the most effective for conditioning new responses?
Which reinforcement schedule is considered the most effective for conditioning new responses?
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What does continuous reinforcement involve?
What does continuous reinforcement involve?
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
- Association learned between two stimuli: unconditioned stimulus (US) and conditioned stimulus (CS)
- Response previously made to US, now made to CS
- Powerful effect on attitudes, likes, dislikes, and emotional responses
- Elements involved:
- Unconditioned Response (UR): automatic, unlearned response to US
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): stimulus that elicits UR
- Conditioned Response (CR): learned involuntary response to CS
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): stimulus that elicits CR
Ivan Pavlov's Classical Conditioning Studies
- Studied conditioned reflex in dogs
- Involuntary response (salivation) associated with sights and sounds of feeding
- Experimental apparatus: dog restrained in a harness, isolated from distractions, with food and conditioning stimuli presented remotely
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
- Extinction: weakening of learned response, eventual disappearance of CR
- Spontaneous Recovery: re-emergence of CR after extinction, when CS is presented again
Generalization and Discrimination
- Generalization: CR occurs in response to stimulus similar to original CS
- Discrimination: learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli, aids survival
Little Albert Experiment and Watson and Mary Cover Jones
- John B. Watson's experiment: classical conditioning of fear in baby Albert
- Mary Cover Jones: removed fear of rabbit in Peter through systematic exposure and reward
Factors in Classical Conditioning
- Number of pairings of CS and US
- Intensity of US
- Reliability of CS in predicting US
- Temporal relationship between CS and US
Operant Conditioning
- Response comes first, consequence modifies response in future
- Consequences can increase, decrease, or shape response
- Reinforcers are rewards that increase response
- B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning chamber (Skinner Box) used to study voluntary responses
Reinforcement and Punishment
- Reinforcement: event that follows response and increases its strength or likelihood
- Positive Reinforcement: pleasant or desirable consequence added
- Negative Reinforcement: aversive condition or stimulus removed
- Punishment: removal of pleasant stimulus or application of unpleasant stimulus, suppressing response
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