7 Questions
Positive reinforcement involves:
Adding a pleasant consequence to increase the likelihood of a response being repeated.
What is the main difference between reinforcement and punishment?
Reinforcement aims to increase behavior while punishment aims to decrease behavior.
Which type of reinforcement involves removing an aversive condition or stimuli?
Negative reinforcement
What is the primary function of secondary reinforcers?
To associate with primary reinforcers for conditioning purposes.
In a fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given:
After a fixed number of correct responses.
Which reinforcement schedule is considered the most effective for conditioning new responses?
Variable-Ratio Schedule
What does continuous reinforcement involve?
Reinforcing after every correct response.
Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
- Association learned between two stimuli: unconditioned stimulus (US) and conditioned stimulus (CS)
- Response previously made to US, now made to CS
- Powerful effect on attitudes, likes, dislikes, and emotional responses
- Elements involved:
- Unconditioned Response (UR): automatic, unlearned response to US
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): stimulus that elicits UR
- Conditioned Response (CR): learned involuntary response to CS
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): stimulus that elicits CR
Ivan Pavlov's Classical Conditioning Studies
- Studied conditioned reflex in dogs
- Involuntary response (salivation) associated with sights and sounds of feeding
- Experimental apparatus: dog restrained in a harness, isolated from distractions, with food and conditioning stimuli presented remotely
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
- Extinction: weakening of learned response, eventual disappearance of CR
- Spontaneous Recovery: re-emergence of CR after extinction, when CS is presented again
Generalization and Discrimination
- Generalization: CR occurs in response to stimulus similar to original CS
- Discrimination: learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli, aids survival
Little Albert Experiment and Watson and Mary Cover Jones
- John B. Watson's experiment: classical conditioning of fear in baby Albert
- Mary Cover Jones: removed fear of rabbit in Peter through systematic exposure and reward
Factors in Classical Conditioning
- Number of pairings of CS and US
- Intensity of US
- Reliability of CS in predicting US
- Temporal relationship between CS and US
Operant Conditioning
- Response comes first, consequence modifies response in future
- Consequences can increase, decrease, or shape response
- Reinforcers are rewards that increase response
- B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning chamber (Skinner Box) used to study voluntary responses
Reinforcement and Punishment
- Reinforcement: event that follows response and increases its strength or likelihood
- Positive Reinforcement: pleasant or desirable consequence added
- Negative Reinforcement: aversive condition or stimulus removed
- Punishment: removal of pleasant stimulus or application of unpleasant stimulus, suppressing response
This quiz covers topics related to classical conditioning, operant conditioning, comparing classical and operant conditioning, behavior modification, and cognitive learning. Test your knowledge on these fundamental learning theories.
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