Psychology: Learning Theories Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is classical conditioning?

  • Learning procedure involving pairing stimuli (correct)
  • Learning from rewards
  • Learning through observation
  • Learning through punishment

    • What is observational learning?

    Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others.

    What is higher order conditioning?

    A situation where a previously neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus.

    What is operant conditioning?

    <p>A method of learning through rewards and punishments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences our beliefs, perceptions, social behavior, sense of identity, and skills?

    <p>Cultural socialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What helps improve bonding with caregivers?

    Signup and view all the answers

    What is classical conditioning also known as?

    <p>Respondent conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of learning occurs through observing the behavior of others?

    <p>Observational learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What refers to a situation in which a previously neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus?

    <p>Higher Order Conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior?

    <p>Operant conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences beliefs, perceptions, and social behavior?

    <p>Cultural socialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What helps improve bonding with caregivers in infants?

    <p>Specific stimuli response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the procedure to change a gene's normal expression?

    <p>Knockout procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theory that opposes evolutionary accounts of human mating patterns?

    <p>Social structure theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much did the human brain size increase between Australopithecus and the first Homo sapiens?

    <p>Tripled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evolution is to ___________ as learning is to ___________.

    <p>species adaptation; personal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the human ancestor who lived about 4 million years ago?

    <p>Australopithecus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to as the specific genetic makeup of an individual?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What refers to how behavior influences survival and reproduction chances?

    <p>Adaptive significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the new cell (the zygote) normally has ___________ chromosomes.

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others called in classical conditioning?

    <p>Discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a learned response weakens due to absence of reinforcement?

    <p>Extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, discrimination refers to how a __________ is triggered by one stimulus but not by others.

    <p>Conditioned Response (CR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Habituation has __________________ because it allows organisms to learn NOT to respond to _____________ stimuli.

    <p>strong adaptive significance; uneventful and familiar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of object would a person be LEAST likely to develop a phobia of?

    <p>Guns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive and negative reinforcers are used to ___________ behaviors.

    <p>Strengthen or increase the likelihood of</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principles can be used to train animals to assist humans?

    <p>Operant conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the disadvantages of aversive punishment is that it often arouses ___________.

    <p>Negative emotions such as fear and anger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classical Conditioning

    • Classical conditioning involves pairing a biologically potent stimulus (e.g., food) with a neutral stimulus (e.g., a bell).
    • This learning process is also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

    Observational Learning

    • Observational learning occurs through watching the behavior of others.
    • It is categorized as a form of social learning with various processes.

    Higher Order Conditioning

    • Higher Order Conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus (e.g., light) with a previously conditioned stimulus (e.g., tone associated with food).
    • This extends the conditioning process, allowing a neutral stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

    Operant Conditioning

    • Operant conditioning is a learning method through rewards and punishments.
    • It establishes associations between specific behaviors and their consequences, as discussed by Skinner in 1938.

    Cultural Socialization

    • Cultural socialization influences beliefs, perceptions, social behavior, identity, and skill development.

    Infant Stimuli Response

    • Infants are prewired to respond to specific stimuli like faces, fostering bonding with caregivers.

    Gene Modification

    • The knockout procedure refers to altering a gene to prevent its typical phenotypic expression.

    Human Mating Patterns

    • Social structure theory opposes evolutionary explanations for human mating behaviors.

    Brain Evolution

    • Between Australopithecus and the emergence of the first Homo sapiens, the human brain size tripled.

    Evolution vs. Learning

    • Evolution relates to species adaptation, while learning pertains to personal development.

    Human Ancestor

    • Australopithecus is the name of a human ancestor that lived around 4 million years ago.

    Genetic Makeup

    • An individual’s specific genetic makeup is termed the genotype.

    Adaptive Significance

    • Adaptive significance pertains to how behavior affects survival and reproduction in natural environments.

    Chromosome Count at Fertilization

    • Upon fertilization, the zygote contains 46 chromosomes.

    Discrimination in Classical Conditioning

    • Discrimination involves learning to respond selectively to certain stimuli while ignoring others.

    Extinction in Operant Conditioning

    • Extinction refers to the weakening of a learned response when reinforcement is absent.

    Discrimination Trigger

    • In classical conditioning, discrimination occurs when a conditioned response is elicited by one stimulus but not by others.

    Habituation

    • Habituation has strong adaptive significance as it helps organisms ignore non-threatening, familiar stimuli.

    Phobia Development

    • Research indicates individuals are least likely to develop phobias related to guns.

    Reinforcers

    • Both positive and negative reinforcers are employed to strengthen or increase the likelihood of specific behaviors.

    Training Animals

    • Operant conditioning principles are effectively used to train police drug dogs to assist humans.

    Aversive Punishment

    • A disadvantage of aversive punishment is that it may evoke negative emotions, leading to dislike or avoidance of the punisher.

    Anticipatory Nausea

    • A patient undergoing chemotherapy can develop anticipatory nausea associated with the treatment environment.

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    Description

    Explore key learning theories in psychology including classical conditioning, observational learning, higher-order conditioning, and operant conditioning. This quiz examines the foundational concepts presented by influential psychologists such as Pavlov and Skinner. Test your understanding of these important learning processes and their impact on behavior.

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