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Questions and Answers
Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because ________.
Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because ________.
it is thought that when learning occurs, some part of the brain physically changes
Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint, such as an increase in height or the size of the brain, are examples of ________.
Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint, such as an increase in height or the size of the brain, are examples of ________.
maturation
One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist. However, it was discovered by a ________.
One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist. However, it was discovered by a ________.
physiologist who was studying digestion
The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was ________.
The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was ________.
In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(n) ________.
In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(n) ________.
Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?
Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?
In Pavlov's classic experiments, the repeated presentations of the metronome along with the food formed the ________ step of the classical conditioning process.
In Pavlov's classic experiments, the repeated presentations of the metronome along with the food formed the ________ step of the classical conditioning process.
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called ________.
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called ________.
This represents the process called ________ when Pavlov's dogs stopped salivating to the sound of the metronome.
This represents the process called ________ when Pavlov's dogs stopped salivating to the sound of the metronome.
The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ________.
The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ________.
When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another stimulus into a second CS, the effect is known as ________.
When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another stimulus into a second CS, the effect is known as ________.
The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of ________ to conditioning theory.
The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of ________ to conditioning theory.
Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because of expectancy?
Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because of expectancy?
The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning?
The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning?
Little Albert was conditioned to fear a ______.
Little Albert was conditioned to fear a ______.
It is even possible to become classically conditioned by simply watching someone else respond to a stimulus in a process called ________.
It is even possible to become classically conditioned by simply watching someone else respond to a stimulus in a process called ________.
The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of _________ to accomplish this.
The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of _________ to accomplish this.
Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called ________.
Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called ________.
The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called ________.
The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called ________.
Who was one of the first researchers to explore and attempt to outline the laws of voluntary responses?
Who was one of the first researchers to explore and attempt to outline the laws of voluntary responses?
Thorndike was known for his work with ________.
Thorndike was known for his work with ________.
In operant conditioning, ________ is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response.
In operant conditioning, ________ is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response.
A ________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch.
A ________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch.
Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
What is the cookie in this example when a grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned her room?
What is the cookie in this example when a grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned her room?
What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?
What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?
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Study Notes
Learning and Conditioning
- Learning involves a permanent change in behavior due to physical changes in the brain.
- Maturation refers to genetically controlled changes, exemplified by height increase and brain size development.
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning was initially discovered by a physiologist studying digestion, not a psychologist.
- Ivan Pavlov is the key figure associated with classical conditioning.
- Dogs salivating upon food presentation is an unconditioned response.
- Pavlov's findings were sparked by dogs salivating at the sight of his assistant before food was presented, indicating anticipation.
Processes in Classical Conditioning
- Acquisition is the phase where repeated pairing of a metronome (conditioned stimulus) and food leads to conditioning.
- Stimulus generalization allows for responses to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
- Extinction occurs when the conditioned response decreases after the conditioned stimulus is presented without reinforcement.
- Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction.
Advanced Concepts in Classical Conditioning
- Higher-order conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus is used to condition another neutral stimulus.
- Expectancy, as posited by Rescorla, adds depth to understanding classical conditioning processes.
- Rescorla's cognitive perspective emphasizes that conditioning is based on expectations.
Emotional Responses and Conditioning
- Conditioned emotional responses demonstrate how phobias can develop through classical conditioning, illustrated by the case of Little Albert fearing a white rat.
- Vicarious conditioning describes learning by observing others' responses to stimuli.
Applications of Conditioning Principles
- Conditioned taste aversions involve associating a food with illness to develop an aversion.
- Biological preparedness highlights the innate tendencies to learn certain associations.
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning focuses on learning through voluntary behaviors, contrasting classical conditioning's focus on involuntary responses.
- Edward Thorndike pioneered research in voluntary responses, notably through his puzzle box experiments.
Key Elements of Operant Conditioning
- Reinforcement is essential for forming the association between a stimulus and the repetition of a behavior.
- Primary reinforcers satisfy basic biological needs, such as hunger and thirst.
- Secondary reinforcers, like a gold star, gain value through association with primary reinforcers.
- Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior recurring, exemplified by giving a cookie for cleaning a room.
- Punishment results in decreased likelihood or frequency of a behavior.
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