Questions and Answers
What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning requires learning that two events are related, whereas operant conditioning demonstrates that behavior leads to a consequence.
Why is B.F. Skinner's dream of solving all social problems through operant conditioning impossible?
Biology places constraints on our learning.
Negative reinforcement and negative punishment are similar in that both involve the removal of what?
a stimulus.
Which of the following terms is used to describe the removal of a stimulus?
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The school of behaviorism was based on the belief that?
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Tolman's work on learning without reinforcement resulted in the theory of?
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Pavlovian conditioning is also referred to as?
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A key concern about violence in media is that it might lead to?
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The fact that Little Albert learned fear toward not only a white rat but also a ball of wool and a rabbit represents?
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Curing a child's phobia of spiders by presenting the child with a spider and candy is an example of?
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The ability to respond with an appropriate conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus and with no response to a very similar yet substantially different stimulus is known as?
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In what technique are successive approximations used?
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Why will it be difficult for Layla to teach a mouse to put half its food in a small box?
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What behavioral process is implicated in Shepard Siegel's recommendation for treating drug addiction?
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What causes extinction?
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What psychological term might describe Billy's behavior of smoking after identifying with heroes who smoke?
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When conditioning occurs due to the pairing of a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus, which results in a CS-CS learned association, this process is known as?
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What change in Allie's fear of dogs represents generalization?
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What type of learning occurs when one's behavior is modified simply through exposure to others performing a behavior?
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Which of the following items would most likely be defined as a primary reinforcer?
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In ________, learning occurs when two types of events are paired closely in time.
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The idea that the consequences of our actions determine the likelihood they will be performed in the future underlies?
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What is a potential limitation of studies suggesting links between observing violence in media and later aggression?
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In the scenario where a song is played right before serving dinner, what is the conditioned stimulus?
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If you were bitten by a dog as a child, leading you to fear dogs, each exposure to a friendly puppy would likely ________ the prediction error for future encounters.
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According to the textbook, what is the current understanding of the purpose of mirror neurons?
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"Once you classically condition an animal it is impossible to completely terminate the association." This statement is?
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Learning is defined as?
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What is nonassociative learning?
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What is associative learning?
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What is observational learning?
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What is habituation?
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What is sensitization?
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What is classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning)?
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Who discovered classical conditioning?
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Who is the founder of behaviorism?
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What is an unconditioned response (UR)?
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What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
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What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
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What is a conditioned response (CR)?
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What is acquisition in classical conditioning?
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What is second-order conditioning?
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What is generalization in conditioning?
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What is discrimination in classical conditioning?
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What is extinction?
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What is spontaneous recovery?
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What is a phobia?
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What is fear conditioning?
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What is operant conditioning?
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What is reinforcement?
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What is shaping?
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What is positive reinforcement?
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What is negative reinforcement?
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What is continuous reinforcement?
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What is partial reinforcement?
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What is behaviorism?
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What is positive punishment?
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What is negative punishment?
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What is behavior modification?
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What is modeling?
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What is latent learning?
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What are mirror neurons?
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What is memory?
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What is encoding?
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What is storage?
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What is consolidation?
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What is retrieval?
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What is reconsolidation?
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Match the following steps in information processing:
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What is long-term potentiation?
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What are the types of memory?
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What is sensory memory?
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What is short-term memory?
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What is working memory?
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What is long-term memory?
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What is the serial position effect?
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What are retrieval cues?
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What is the encoding specificity principle?
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What is prospective memory?
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What are mnemonics?
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What is implicit memory?
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What is explicit memory?
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What is declarative memory?
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What is episodic memory?
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What is semantic memory?
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What is procedural memory?
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What is proactive interference?
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What is retroactive interference?
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What is blocking?
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What is absentmindedness?
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What is amnesia?
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What is retrograde amnesia?
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What is anterograde amnesia?
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What is persistence in memory?
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What is memory bias?
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What are flashbulb memories?
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What is source misattribution?
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What is source amnesia?
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What is cryptoamnesia?
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What is suggestibility?
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Study Notes
Conditioning and Learning
- Classical conditioning involves linking two events to elicit a response, while operant conditioning focuses on the consequences of behavior.
- Negative reinforcement and negative punishment both involve removing a stimulus, but they serve different purposes.
- Biological constraints can affect learning, demonstrating limitations in behavioral modification, particularly in operant conditioning.
Behaviorism
- Behaviorism posits that both humans and animals have the potential to learn various behaviors.
- John B. Watson is recognized as the founder of behaviorism, emphasizing observable behaviors over internal processes.
Key Concepts in Conditioning
- Latent learning, identified by Tolman, occurs without reinforcement and becomes evident when an incentive is introduced.
- Pavlovian conditioning, also known as classical conditioning, establishes responses to neutral stimuli through association with unconditioned stimuli.
- Generalization involves responding similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus.
- Counterconditioning is used to alter conditioned responses, such as reducing phobias.
Learning Processes
- Observational learning occurs through witnessing and imitating others, also called modeling.
- Second-order conditioning refers to the association between a conditional stimulus and another neutral stimulus that also elicits a response.
- Extinction takes place when a conditioned stimulus no longer predicts an unconditioned stimulus, leading to the diminishing of the conditioned response.
Memory Systems
- Memory encompasses encoding, storage, and retrieval processes.
- Long-term potentiation underlies learning and memory by enhancing synaptic strength following rapid stimulation.
- Sensory memory captures brief sensory experiences, while short-term memory holds information temporarily.
- Working memory expands on short-term memory, focusing on active processing of information.
Types of Memory
- Long-term memory is categorized into explicit (conscious recall) and implicit (unconscious recall) memory types.
- Declarative memory (facts and events) is further divided into episodic (personal experiences) and semantic (general knowledge) memories.
- Procedural memory involves skills and habits that are often unconscious.
Memory Distortions and Failures
- Interference can disrupt recall: proactive interference (old information hinders new) and retroactive interference (new information disrupts old).
- Absentmindedness reflects memory failures due to lapses in attention.
- Amnesia can manifest as retrograde (loss of past memories) or anterograde (inability to create new memories).
Psychological Phenomena
- Flashbulb memories are vivid recollections of significant events.
- Source misattribution and source amnesia involve errors related to the source of memories, which can lead to distortion.
- Suggestibility refers to the incorporation of misleading information into personal recollections, affecting the accuracy of memories.
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards for Psychology Exam 2. This quiz covers key concepts such as classical and operant conditioning, highlighting the differences between them and addressing the limitations of operant conditioning in solving social issues.