Psychology Final Exam Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Negative effects of stress are most likely to be experienced when an event is perceived to as ________.

threatening and no clear options for dealing with it are apparent

Between 2006 and 2009, the greatest increases in stress levels were found to occur among ________.

blacks

the unemployed

those aged 45-64 (correct)

those without college degrees

What triggers the secondary appraisal of a stressor?

an inability to react to the primary appraisal

increased heart rate

how a threat is perceived (correct)

a feeling of anxiety

Which of the following is a major criticism of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale?

it does not consider a person's appraisal of an event Signup and view all the answers

The research of Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe evaluated the connection between life stressors and __________________.

physical illness Signup and view all the answers

According to the Holmes and Rahe scale, which life event requires the greatest amount of readjustment?

death of a spouse Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributes to tension headaches?

sleep deprivation Signup and view all the answers

The white blood cells that attack foreign invaders to the body are called ____________.

lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the tendency to experience distressed emotional states involving anger, guilt, and fear?

negative affectivity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following uses electronic equipment to help individuals develop stress-reducing strategies?

biofeedback Signup and view all the answers

Emotion-focused coping would likely be a better method than problem-focused coping for dealing with which of the following stressors?

terminal cancer Signup and view all the answers

The concept of learned helplessness was formulated by Seligman based on the __________.

tendency of dogs to not even attempt to escape avoidable shocks after having received inescapable shocks Signup and view all the answers

How does positive affect differ from optimism?

positive affect involves feeling states, whereas optimism involves expectations Signup and view all the answers

Carson enjoys writing mystery novels, and has even managed to publish some of his work. When he's writing, Carson becomes extremely focused on his work; in fact, he becomes so absorbed that he often loses track of time, often staying up well past 3 a.m. Carson's experience best illustrates the concept of ________.

flow Signup and view all the answers

Researchers have identified a number of factors that are related to happiness. Which of the following is not one of them?

physical attractiveness Signup and view all the answers

Bret, who recently lost his job, is handling the stress by searching for a new position every day, updating his resume, and eliminating nonessentials from his budget to reduce his monthly expenses. Which type of coping approach is Bret using?

problem focused Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Frobish possesses a ________ behavior pattern because she is an intensively driven workaholic, preoccupied with deadlines, and always seems to be in a rush.

type a Signup and view all the answers

A demanding or threatening event is often called a(n) ___________.

stressor Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the relationship between stress and performance is true?

as stress levels increase from low to moderate, performance also increases Signup and view all the answers

Optimism is a tendency toward a(n) ________.

positive outlook and positive expectations Signup and view all the answers

The relaxation response technique that combines elements of relaxation and ______________.

meditation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines the concept of perceived control?

beliefs about the capacity to influence personal outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces?

coping Signup and view all the answers

Which level of stress leads to burnout, fatigue, and exhaustion?

distress Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason that depression is associated with heart disease?

depression may increase likelihood of living an unhealthy lifestyle, which increases the risk of heart disease Signup and view all the answers

Paolo is a writer and when he sits down in front of his computer he can write for hours, forgetting to eat and ignoring his phone because he is intensely engaged in writing. While he is writing, Paolo is experiencing ________.

flow Signup and view all the answers

__________ is a stress-reduction technique whereby electronic equipment measuring a person's involuntary activity facilitates a level of voluntary control over these processes.

biofeedback Signup and view all the answers

___________ is a state of intense engagement in an activity; it is usually experienced while participating in creative work and leisure endeavors.

flow Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illustrates the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

Tyrique nearly falls from a tree but grabs a branch and focuses on getting down safely Signup and view all the answers

Owen, an adjunct professor in the Department of Fine Arts, applied for a full-time job recently, which he did not get. He tries to put this situation in a positive light, reminding himself that he will have more time to produce artwork if he is not working a full-time job. Which type of coping approach is Owen using?

emotion focused Signup and view all the answers

According to research, which of the following groups experienced the greatest increase in stress levels between 2006 and 2009?

college educated, employed men Signup and view all the answers

Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.

cognitive Signup and view all the answers

Jade hears a rattle. When she turns around she sees a rattlesnake inches from her leg. Her pupils dilate, her heart pounds, and she begins to sweat. This response is called the ________ response.

fight-or-flight Signup and view all the answers

A stressor is likely to be appraised as a threat when someone ________.

anticipates that it could lead to harm Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason that more affluent individuals may experience better health?

they tend to believe they can personally control and manage their reaction to life's stressors Signup and view all the answers

Rush hour traffic, lost keys, obnoxious coworkers, and inclement weather are examples of __________.

daily hassles Signup and view all the answers

Which type of appraisal involves judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail?

primary Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic category reported the least amount of stress during 1983, 2006, and 2009?

retired people Signup and view all the answers

__________ is the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance.

eustress Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about tension headaches is true?

tension headaches are triggered by stress and eyestrain Signup and view all the answers

Taylor is a social worker. He is overworked, his caseload is overwhelming, and he no longer believes that what he does on a day-to-day basis has any real impact or improves anyone's life. Taylor is probably suffering from ________.

job burnout Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a negative effect of extended cortisol release caused by chronic or prolonged stress?

the immune system is weakened Signup and view all the answers

Guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all examples of ________.

social support Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of eustress?

training for a marathon Signup and view all the answers

Alma has a serious disease in which the airways of her respiratory system become obstructed, leading to great difficulty expelling air from the lungs. Which disease does Alma have?

asthma Signup and view all the answers

What do studies show about the relationship between stress and memory?

moderate stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a primary appraisal of a stressor?

Humphrey judges the man with the gun to be a moderate threat Signup and view all the answers

Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ___________.

forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of secondary appraisal of a stressor?

Ed believes he can end an argument with his wife by either apologizing or buying her a gift Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Negative Effects and Stress Perception

Stress is perceived negatively when events are seen as threatening with no clear coping options.
Age group 45-64 reported the highest increase in stress levels between 2006 and 2009.

Appraisals of Stressors

Secondary appraisal of a stressor is triggered by how the threat is perceived.
Major criticism of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is its lack of consideration for personal event appraisal.
Holmes and Rahe's research linked life stressors to physical illness.

Major Life Events and Coping

Death of a spouse is ranked as the life event requiring the greatest readjustment.
Emotion-focused coping is more suitable for stress related to terminal illnesses like cancer.

Psychological Concepts

Learned helplessness stems from dogs not attempting to escape after experiencing uncontrollable shocks.
Positive affect refers to feeling states, while optimism relates to positive expectations.

Engagement and Flow

Flow is experienced when someone is fully absorbed in an activity, as seen in Carson's writing experience.

Happiness Factors

Factors contributing to happiness include age, income (around $75,000), and marriage, while physical attractiveness does not significantly correlate.

Coping Strategies

Problem-focused coping, as exemplified by Bret's proactive job search after losing his job, contrasts with emotion-focused coping used during emotional distress.
Type A behavior pattern is characterized by being driven and always in a rush.

Types of Stress and Appraisal

Stressors are events perceived as demanding or threatening, with primary appraisal assessing potential harm.
Eustress refers to positive stress that enhances health and performance.

Stress and Its Effects

Tension headaches are linked to stress and eyestrain.
Chronic stress and prolonged cortisol release weaken the immune system.

Support and Relationships

Social support involves guidance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance during stressful times.

Prolonged stress may lead to burnout and fatigue, while hypertension significantly raises heart disease risk.

Memory and Stress

Moderate stress enhances recalling educational material, whereas intense stress affects recall adversely.

Secondary Appraisal Examples

Secondary appraisal assesses potential coping options in response to a threat, determining the best approach to handle the situation.

Summary Points

Distress signifies negative stress, contrasting with eustress which leads to positive feelings and healthy outcomes.
Routine stressors include daily hassles like traffic or lost keys, affecting overall well-being.

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Prepare for your Psychology final with these essential flashcards that cover key concepts related to stress and its effects. These cards will help reinforce your understanding of how stress influences individuals and the factors contributing to increased stress levels. Perfect for review or self-assessment before the exam.

Psychology Final Exam Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Negative effects of stress are most likely to be experienced when an event is perceived to as ________.

Between 2006 and 2009, the greatest increases in stress levels were found to occur among ________.

What triggers the secondary appraisal of a stressor?

Which of the following is a major criticism of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale?

The research of Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe evaluated the connection between life stressors and __________________.

According to the Holmes and Rahe scale, which life event requires the greatest amount of readjustment?

Which of the following contributes to tension headaches?

The white blood cells that attack foreign invaders to the body are called ____________.

Which term refers to the tendency to experience distressed emotional states involving anger, guilt, and fear?

Which of the following uses electronic equipment to help individuals develop stress-reducing strategies?

Emotion-focused coping would likely be a better method than problem-focused coping for dealing with which of the following stressors?

The concept of learned helplessness was formulated by Seligman based on the __________.

How does positive affect differ from optimism?

Researchers have identified a number of factors that are related to happiness. Which of the following is not one of them?

Bret, who recently lost his job, is handling the stress by searching for a new position every day, updating his resume, and eliminating nonessentials from his budget to reduce his monthly expenses. Which type of coping approach is Bret using?

Dr. Frobish possesses a ________ behavior pattern because she is an intensively driven workaholic, preoccupied with deadlines, and always seems to be in a rush.

A demanding or threatening event is often called a(n) ___________.

Which of the following statements about the relationship between stress and performance is true?

Optimism is a tendency toward a(n) ________.

The relaxation response technique that combines elements of relaxation and ______________.

Which of the following defines the concept of perceived control?

Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces?

Which level of stress leads to burnout, fatigue, and exhaustion?

Which of the following is a reason that depression is associated with heart disease?

Paolo is a writer and when he sits down in front of his computer he can write for hours, forgetting to eat and ignoring his phone because he is intensely engaged in writing. While he is writing, Paolo is experiencing ________.

__________ is a stress-reduction technique whereby electronic equipment measuring a person's involuntary activity facilitates a level of voluntary control over these processes.

___________ is a state of intense engagement in an activity; it is usually experienced while participating in creative work and leisure endeavors.

Which of the following illustrates the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

According to research, which of the following groups experienced the greatest increase in stress levels between 2006 and 2009?

Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.

Jade hears a rattle. When she turns around she sees a rattlesnake inches from her leg. Her pupils dilate, her heart pounds, and she begins to sweat. This response is called the ________ response.

A stressor is likely to be appraised as a threat when someone ________.

What is one reason that more affluent individuals may experience better health?

Rush hour traffic, lost keys, obnoxious coworkers, and inclement weather are examples of __________.

Which type of appraisal involves judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail?

Which demographic category reported the least amount of stress during 1983, 2006, and 2009?

__________ is the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance.

Which statement about tension headaches is true?

Taylor is a social worker. He is overworked, his caseload is overwhelming, and he no longer believes that what he does on a day-to-day basis has any real impact or improves anyone's life. Taylor is probably suffering from ________.

Which of the following is a negative effect of extended cortisol release caused by chronic or prolonged stress?

Guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all examples of ________.

Which of the following is an example of eustress?

Alma has a serious disease in which the airways of her respiratory system become obstructed, leading to great difficulty expelling air from the lungs. Which disease does Alma have?

What do studies show about the relationship between stress and memory?

Which of the following is an example of a primary appraisal of a stressor?

Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ___________.

Which of the following is an example of secondary appraisal of a stressor?

Study Notes

Negative Effects and Stress Perception

Appraisals of Stressors

Major Life Events and Coping

Psychological Concepts

Engagement and Flow

Happiness Factors

Coping Strategies

Types of Stress and Appraisal

Stress and Its Effects

Support and Relationships

Stress-Related Health Issues

Memory and Stress

Secondary Appraisal Examples

Summary Points

Studying That Suits You

Description

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