Psych 101 Final Exam Flashcards

Our awareness of ourselves and the environment.

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions.

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

<p>Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Failing to notice changes in the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant; produces temporarily increased alertness and euphoria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen that produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The biologically influenced characteristics by which people define males and females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The socially influenced characteristics by which people define men and women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sex chromosome found in both men and women; females have two X chromosomes; males have one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sex chromosome found only in males; when paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First ejaculation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first menstrual period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An inherited condition that involves unusual development of sex chromosomes and anatomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mary Ainsworth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Performed experiments on monkeys to explain children's behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'we' aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to 'Who am I?' that comes from our group memberships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learning that certain events occur together; may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An event or situation that evokes a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The view that psychology should study behavior without reference to mental processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A stimulus that unconditionally triggers an unconditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of the desired behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events or through language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mental representation of the layout of one's environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The forward-acting disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The backward-acting disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When misleading information has corrupted one's memory of an event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controls language reception—a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controls language expression—an area of the frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The need to build relationships and to feel part of a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.</p> Signup and view all the answers