AP Psychology Study Set Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is empiricism?

The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.

What is structuralism?

An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind.

What is functionalism?

A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

What is experimental psychology?

<p>The study of behavior and thinking using the scientific experimental method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is behaviorism?

<p>The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is humanistic psychology?

<p>Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is psychology?

<p>The science of behavior and mental processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature-nurture issue?

<p>The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is natural selection?

<p>The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a level of analysis in psychology?

<p>The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the biopsychosocial approach?

<p>An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is biological psychology?

<p>A branch of psychology that studies the links between biological processes and psychological processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is evolutionary psychology?

<p>The study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is psychodynamic psychology?

<p>A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is behavioral psychology?

<p>The scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive psychology?

<p>The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social-cultural psychology?

<p>The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is psychometrics?

<p>The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is basic research?

<p>Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is developmental psychology?

<p>The scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is educational psychology?

<p>The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is personality psychology?

<p>The study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social psychology?

<p>The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is applied research?

<p>Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology?

<p>The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is human factors psychology?

<p>The study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is counseling psychology?

<p>A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is clinical psychology?

<p>A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Terms in Psychology

  • Empiricism: Emphasizes that knowledge derives from experience, necessitating reliance on observation and experimentation in science.
  • Structuralism: An early psychological school that probed the structural elements of the mind through introspection.
  • Functionalism: Focuses on mental and behavioral processes, how they aid in adaptation, survival, and well-being.
  • Experimental Psychology: Involves studying behavior and thought through scientific experiments.

Approaches to Psychology

  • Behaviorism: Advocates for psychology as an objective science concentrating solely on observable behavior, overlooking mental processes.
  • Humanistic Psychology: Highlights the growth potential of healthy individuals and the pursuit of personal development.
  • Psychology: Defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Core Psychological Debates

  • Nature-Nurture Issue: Discusses the interplay between genetics and experience in shaping psychological traits and behaviors; current understanding sees them as interdependent.
  • Natural Selection: States that inherited traits enhancing survival and reproduction are more likely to be passed to future generations.

Levels of Analysis

  • Level of Analysis: Integrates various perspectives—biological, psychological, and social-cultural—when analyzing phenomena.
  • Biopsychosocial Approach: A comprehensive approach that marries biological, psychological, and social-cultural perspectives for well-rounded analysis.

Branches of Psychology

  • Biological Psychology: Examines the connections between biological processes (neuroscience, behavior genetics) and psychological states.
  • Evolutionary Psychology: Investigates behavior and mental processes through the lens of natural selection principles.
  • Psychodynamic Psychology: Studies unconscious drives and conflicts affecting behavior, providing foundational insights for treating disorders.
  • Behavioral Psychology: Focuses on observable behaviors and their learnings through conditioning.

Cognitive and Social Perspectives

  • Cognitive Psychology: Analyzes mental activities linked with thinking, memory, and communication.
  • Social-Cultural Psychology: Explores how social contexts and cultural backgrounds shape thoughts and behaviors.

Research Methodologies

  • Psychometrics: Concerned with measuring human abilities, attitudes, and traits scientifically.
  • Basic Research: Aims to heighten foundational scientific knowledge without immediate practical applications.
  • Applied Research: Directly targets practical problem-solving through scientific inquiry.

Specialized Fields

  • Developmental Psychology: Studies changes in physical, cognitive, and social aspects throughout the human life span.
  • Educational Psychology: Explores how psychological principles enhance teaching and learning processes.
  • Personality Psychology: Investigates characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behavior in individuals.
  • Social Psychology: Examines how individuals think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Professional Applications

  • Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology: Applies psychological principles to improve human behavior in workplace settings.
  • Human Factors Psychology: Studies interactions between people and machines emphasizing safety and usability.
  • Counseling Psychology: Offers support for individuals facing personal challenges and seeks to enhance overall well-being.
  • Clinical Psychology: Focuses on diagnosing and treating psychological disorders.

Mental Health

  • Psychiatry: A medical field focused on diagnosing, treating, and preventing mental health disorders, often involving medication as treatment.

This summary encapsulates essential terms and concepts in psychology and highlights their significance within the field, aiding in understanding and retention for AP Psychology students.

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Prepare for your AP Psychology exam with this comprehensive set of flashcards. Each card covers key concepts, including foundational theories like empiricism, structuralism, and functionalism. Use these flashcards to reinforce your understanding and excel in your studies.

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