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Classical Conditioning

• Acquisition is the initial learning period in classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
• Associative learning involves connecting stimuli or events that occur together.
• Classical conditioning occurs when a stimulus or experience precedes a behavior and is paired/associated with it.
• A cognitive map is a mental representation of an environment's layout.
• A conditioned response (CR) is a response elicited by a conditioned stimulus (CS).
• A conditioned stimulus (CS) elicits a response due to pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (US).

Operant Conditioning

• Continuous reinforcement rewards a behavior every time it occurs.
• Extinction is a decreased conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus.
• Fixed-interval reinforcement schedules reward a behavior after a set amount of time.
• Fixed-ratio schedules reward a behavior after a set number of responses.
• Higher-order conditioning (second-order conditioning) uses a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus.
• Instincts are unlearned behaviors, more common in animals than humans.
• Latent learning is learning that might not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it.
• The law of effect states that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, and those followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely.
• Learning is a change in behavior or knowledge due to experience.

Other Learning Concepts

• A model is a person whose behavior is observed and imitated in observational learning.
• Negative punishment decreases behavior by removing a pleasant stimulus.
• Negative reinforcement increases behavior by removing an undesirable stimulus.
• Neutral stimuli do not initially elicit a response.
• Observational learning involves learning by watching others.
• Operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behaviors.
• Partial reinforcement rewards the behavior only some of the time.
• Positive punishment increases behavior by adding an undesirable stimulus.
• Positive reinforcement increases behavior by adding a desirable stimulus.
• Primary reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water).
• Punishment involves consequences to decrease behavior.
• Radical behaviorism emphasizes stimulus-outcome associations.
• A reflex is an automatic response to a stimulus.
• Reinforcement increases behavior with consequences.
• Secondary reinforcers have value associated with other things (like money).
• Shaping involves rewarding successive approximations toward a desired behavior.
• Spontaneous recovery is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.
• Stimulus discrimination is responding differently to similar stimuli.
• Stimulus generalization is responding similarly to similar stimuli.
• Unconditioned response (UCR) is a natural, unlearned behavior to a stimulus.
• Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response.
• Variable-interval reinforcement schedules reward behavior after unpredictable time intervals.
• Variable-ratio reinforcement schedules reward behavior after an unpredictable number of responses.
• Vicarious punishment is learning by observing a model being punished.
• Vicarious reinforcement is learning by observing a model being rewarded.

Explore the concepts of classical and operant conditioning through this quiz. Understand the mechanisms of acquisition, reinforcement, and extinction, and how they influence behavior. Test your knowledge on associated learning and cognitive maps.