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Questions and Answers

What does shaping involve in behavioral psychology?

Gradually increasing the difficulty of tasks to boost performance

Creating a new stimulus to elicit a conditioned response

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior (correct)

Punishing undesired behavior to prevent its recurrence

What is the primary characteristic of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

Behavior is enhanced through immediate feedback every single time

Behavior is rewarded consistently after a specific number of responses

Behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

The number of responses needed for a reward fluctuates unpredictably (correct)

What happens during spontaneous recovery?

A new behavior is learned immediately after extinction

A response is learned more quickly due to reinforcement

A previously extinguished conditioned response re-emerges (correct)

A conditioned response is permanently eliminated

How does vicarious reinforcement affect an observer's behavior?

It increases the likelihood of imitating a behavior after observing rewards Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes stimulus discrimination?

The ability to respond differently to similar stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is the period of initial learning in classical conditioning called?

Acquisition Signup and view all the answers

In which type of reinforcement schedule is behavior rewarded after a set number of responses?

Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the decrease in a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus?

Extinction Signup and view all the answers

Which type of learning involves associating certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment?

Associative learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the response called that is caused by a conditioned stimulus?

Conditioned response Signup and view all the answers

What type of conditioning uses a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus?

Higher-order conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement?

Taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior Signup and view all the answers

What do we call a mental picture of the layout of an environment?

Cognitive map Signup and view all the answers

In observational learning, what is the role of the model?

To demonstrate behavior that can be imitated Signup and view all the answers

What principle states that behaviors followed by pleasant consequences tend to be repeated?

Law of effect Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical Conditioning

Acquisition is the initial learning period in classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
Associative learning involves connecting stimuli or events that occur together.
Classical conditioning occurs when a stimulus or experience precedes a behavior and is paired/associated with it.
A cognitive map is a mental representation of an environment's layout.
A conditioned response (CR) is a response elicited by a conditioned stimulus (CS).
A conditioned stimulus (CS) elicits a response due to pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (US).

Operant Conditioning

Continuous reinforcement rewards a behavior every time it occurs.
Extinction is a decreased conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus.
Fixed-interval reinforcement schedules reward a behavior after a set amount of time.
Fixed-ratio schedules reward a behavior after a set number of responses.
Higher-order conditioning (second-order conditioning) uses a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus.
Instincts are unlearned behaviors, more common in animals than humans.
Latent learning is learning that might not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it.
The law of effect states that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, and those followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely.
Learning is a change in behavior or knowledge due to experience.

Other Learning Concepts

A model is a person whose behavior is observed and imitated in observational learning.
Negative punishment decreases behavior by removing a pleasant stimulus.
Negative reinforcement increases behavior by removing an undesirable stimulus.
Neutral stimuli do not initially elicit a response.
Observational learning involves learning by watching others.
Operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behaviors.
Partial reinforcement rewards the behavior only some of the time.
Positive punishment increases behavior by adding an undesirable stimulus.
Positive reinforcement increases behavior by adding a desirable stimulus.
Primary reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water).
Punishment involves consequences to decrease behavior.
Radical behaviorism emphasizes stimulus-outcome associations.
A reflex is an automatic response to a stimulus.
Reinforcement increases behavior with consequences.
Secondary reinforcers have value associated with other things (like money).
Shaping involves rewarding successive approximations toward a desired behavior.
Spontaneous recovery is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.
Stimulus discrimination is responding differently to similar stimuli.
Stimulus generalization is responding similarly to similar stimuli.
Unconditioned response (UCR) is a natural, unlearned behavior to a stimulus.
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response.
Variable-interval reinforcement schedules reward behavior after unpredictable time intervals.
Variable-ratio reinforcement schedules reward behavior after an unpredictable number of responses.
Vicarious punishment is learning by observing a model being punished.
Vicarious reinforcement is learning by observing a model being rewarded.

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Description

Explore the concepts of classical and operant conditioning through this quiz. Understand the mechanisms of acquisition, reinforcement, and extinction, and how they influence behavior. Test your knowledge on associated learning and cognitive maps.