Ch 6 Keywords PDF

keywords acquisitionperiod of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response associative...

keywords acquisitionperiod of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response associative learningform of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning) classical conditioninglearning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior cognitive mapmental picture of the layout of the environment conditioned response (CR)response caused by the conditioned stimulus conditioned stimulus (CS)stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus continuous reinforcementrewarding a behavior every time it occurs extinctiondecrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus fixed interval reinforcement schedulebehavior is rewarded after a set amount of time fixed ratio reinforcement scheduleset number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded higher-order conditioning(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus instinctunlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans latent learninglearning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it law of effectbehavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged learningchange in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience keywords 1  modelperson who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning) negative punishmenttaking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior negative reinforcementtaking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior neutral stimulus (NS)stimulus that does not initially elicit a response observational learningtype of learning that occurs by watching others operant conditioningform of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated partial reinforcementrewarding behavior only some of the time positive punishmentadding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior positive reinforcementadding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior primary reinforcerhas innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex) punishmentimplementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior radical behaviorismstaunch form of behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations reflexunlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment reinforcementimplementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior secondary reinforcerhas no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips) shapingrewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior spontaneous recoveryreturn of a previously extinguished conditioned response stimulus discriminationability to respond differently to similar stimuli stimulus generalizationdemonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus keywords 2  unconditioned response (UCR)natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus unconditioned stimulus (UCS)stimulus that elicits a reflexive response variable interval reinforcement schedulebehavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed variable ratio reinforcement schedulenumber of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded vicarious punishmentprocess where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model’s behavior vicarious reinforcementprocess where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behavior keywords 3